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Photographic record of Clinique La Prairie at Clarens, late 1950s. Period image referenced in clinic histories and biographical accounts of Niehans; specific photographer, rights, and provenance pending consultation of the Clinique La Prairie archive.

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Time magazine, 'Medicine: The Pope's Doctor,' November 10, 1952, feature on Paul Niehans. The feature is referenced in subsequent biographical work on Niehans and in Clinique La Prairie's historical materials; the canonical phrasing 'the Pope's doctor' propagated from this coverage into Anglophone press coverage of the clinic from the early 1950s onward.

Ivy AC. "Krebiozen." Science. 1951 Sep 14;114(2959):285–286. PMID 14866224.

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Bircher-Benner M. The essential nature and organisation of food energy and the application of the second principle of thermo-dynamics to food value and its active force. Translated by D. E. Hecht and E. F. Meyer. London: John Bale, Sons & Curnow, 1939. Wellcome Collection; Internet Archive (b29807232).

Overbeck's rejuvenator, supreme model : directions for use / manufactured and distributed by Overbeck's Rejuvenator Ltd. Grimsby: Overbeck's Rejuvenator Ltd, 1938. 28 pages : illustrations ; 20 cm. Wellcome Collection, work eyw4gamr (b3346411x). Public Domain Mark.

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Lathrope GH. 'Count Cagliostro: An Excursion Into Eighteenth Century Charlatanism.' *Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine* 1937 Aug;13(8):466-488. PMID 19312029; PMCID PMC1966065.

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Hay WH. *A New Health Era*. London: George G. Harrap & Co., 1935. 212 pp. (first published March 1935; reprinted April 1936; printed in U.S.A.). Wellcome Collection, work hhun4w83 / digitized item b29807487.

William Howard Hay, *A New Health Era* (London: George G. Harrap, 1935), frontispiece portrait plate ('William Howard Hay, M.D.') and title page. Wellcome Collection, digitized item b29807487 (work hhun4w83), Public Domain Mark 1.0.

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Carrel A. Man the Unknown. New York and London: Harper & Brothers; 1935. [First English edition; no ISBN — predates the ISBN system. Archive.org holdings confirm publication year: Copyright 1935, 1939. https://archive.org/details/ManTheUnknown]

Der Wendepunkt im Leben und im Leiden. X. Jahrgang, August 1933, Nr. 9. Herausgeber: Dr. med. Bircher-Benner, Zürich. Wikimedia Commons. Public domain.

Photograph by Julius Scherb after an unidentified painting, circa 1932. Wellcome Collection, London (reference V0027219). Licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0). Via Wikimedia Commons.

Fishbein, Morris. Fads and Quackery in Healing: An Analysis of the Foibles of the Healing Cults, with Essays on Various Other Peculiar Notions in the Health Field. New York: Covici-Friede, 1932, pp. 153-154 (chapter 'Evolution of the Abrams Notion'). Full text via Internet Archive, item 1932FishbeinFadsAndQuackeryInHealing.

Federal Trade Commission. Cease-and-desist order against Bailey Radium Laboratories, Inc. (William J. A. Bailey, principal), dated 19 December 1931. Order required the company to cease representations of therapeutic value of Radithor and representations that the product is harmless.

Shryock RH. 'Sylvester Graham and the Popular Health Movement, 1830-1870.' Mississippi Valley Historical Review. 1931;18(2):172-183. doi:10.2307/1893378.

United States Bureau of Home Economics. Wheat germ has high nutritive value. Washington, 1931. Reproduced as File:Wheat germ has high nutritive value (IA CAT31039172).pdf, Wikimedia Commons / Internet Archive.

'Advert for Gayelord Hauser.' Evening Star (Washington, D.C.), 27 March 1930, p. C-12. Reproduced as File:Gayelord Hauser 1930.png, Wikimedia Commons.

Advertisement for J. R. Brinkley's write-in candidacy for governor of Kansas, paid for by friends and supporters of J. R. Brinkley, 1930. Public domain. Via Wikimedia Commons.

Hay WH. *Health via Food*. New York, 1929. 299 pp., 1 leaf of plates (portrait). Wellcome Collection, work kshmkvsf.

Lithographic poster for the film 'La methode du docteur Voronoff', illustrated by Henri Armengol (1884-1944), 1929. Bibliotheque nationale de France / Gallica. CC0. Via Wikimedia Commons.

Overbeck's rejuvenator, patented / manufactured and distributed by O. Overbeck. [Grimsby]: [publisher not identified], [1929]. 88 pages : illustrations, portraits ; 22 cm. Wellcome Collection, work dh3tku6h.

Bircher-Benner M. Food science for all and a new sunlight theory of nutrition: lectures to teachers of domestic economy. Translated and edited with an introduction by Arnold Eiloart. 1928. 140 pp., ill., 19 cm. Wellcome Collection.

Period advertisement for Radithor (Bailey Radium Laboratories), 1920s, as reproduced by the Museum of Radiation and Radioactivity, Oak Ridge Associated Universities (orau.org).

Photograph, 1927, of Serge Voronoff with a European scientific delegation in Algiers. Wellcome Collection, London (Sir Alan Parkes Papers). CC BY 4.0. Via Wikimedia Commons.

Advertisement for Wilshire's Ionaco, c. 1924-1927. Wikimedia Commons, public domain (scanned from The Technological Fix). File: 'Advertisement for Wilshire's Ionaco.jpg'.

Voronoff, Serge. *Étude sur la vieillesse et le rajeunissement par la greffe*. Paris: Octave Doin & Gaston Doin, 1926. (Slug 'voronoff-life-and-work-of-monkeys-1928' preserved as the assigned identifier; the canonical Voronoff monograph during the practice's peak is the 1926 French *Étude* and the 1925 English *Rejuvenation by Grafting*. Voronoff's earlier 1920 *Life: A Study of the Means of Restoring Vital Energy and Prolonging Life* (Allen & Unwin) provides additional context.)

Rayner, J. L.; Crook, G. T. (eds). 'John St John Long.' The Complete Newgate Calendar, Vol. 3. London: Navarre Society, 1926. Text as transcribed at exclassics.com.

Scott, G. Laughton. *"The Abrams Treatment" in Practice: An Investigation*. London: Geoffrey Bles, [1924 or 1925?]. Wellcome Collection works/a3a2e8q4.

The kitchen of the Sanatorium 'Lebendige Kraft' in the 1920s. Bircher-Benner Archiv, Universität Zürich, Medizinhistorisches Institut, via Wikimedia Commons. Public domain.

[Report on the will of the late Dr. Albert Abrams and the Scientific American investigation]. The Oregon Daily Journal (Portland, Ore.), 17 January 1925, p. 2. Historic Oregon Newspapers, University of Oregon (LCCN sn96088108).

Voronoff, Serge. *Rejuvenation by Grafting*. Translated from the French and edited by Fred F. Imianitoff. London: George Allen & Unwin Ltd., 1925. 221 pp., 38 illustrations.

'The "Electronic Reactions of Abrams."' Nature. 1925 May 23;115(2899):789-790. doi:10.1038/115789a0.

'Albert Abrams and the "E.R.A." Cult.' British Medical Journal. 1924 Jan 26;1(3291):164-165. PMID 20771441. PMCID PMC2303736.

Gaylord Wilshire, 1924. Studio portrait, signed in the image 'Gaylord Wilshire 1924.' Wikimedia Commons, public domain (credit: Los Angeles Conservancy). File: 'Gaylord Wilshire 1924.jpg'.

Harris & Ewing, photographer. 'Sen. taking lessons in physical culture. L. to r.: Bernarr MacFadden, famous physical culture expert of N.Y., Sen Arthur Capper, Sen. C.C. Dill, Rep. Macfadden, Sen. Magnus Johnson, Rep. ...' 1924. Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division (LCCN 2016887214). No known restrictions on publication.

Press photograph by Agence Rol, May 1923. Bibliotheque nationale de France, departement Estampes et photographie. Public domain. Via Wikimedia Commons.

Macfadden B. Fasting for Health: A Complete Guide on How, When and Why to Use the Fasting Cure. New York: Macfadden Publications, Inc.; 1923. Library of Congress (LCCN 23011486; RM226 .M3).

Pathé Frères newsreel coverage of Voronoff testicular-graft procedures, early 1920s. Pathé and contemporary newsreel houses produced extensive promotional and documentary film coverage of the practice. Holdings are managed by the Gaumont Pathé Archives (Saint-Ouen, France).

'What the American Medical Association Thinks of the Electronic Reactions of Abrams.' The Dental Register. 1923 Mar;77(3):117-124. PMID 33703850. PMCID PMC7872713.

Haehl, Richard. Samuel Hahnemann: His Life and Work. Based on Recently Discovered State Papers, Documents, Letters, etc. Translated from the German by Marie L. Wheeler and W.H.R. Grundy; edited by J.H. Clarke and F.J. Wheeler. 2 vols. London: Homoeopathic Publishing Co., 1922.

Dr. J.R. Brinkley. Bain News Service, publisher, circa 1921. George Grantham Bain Collection, Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division (LCCN 2014711648). Public domain. Via Wikimedia Commons.

Bennett S. Old Age: Its Cause and Prevention: The Story of an Old Body and Face Made Young. New York: The Physical Culture Publishing Co.; 1921. Open Library edition OL16354062M (reprint of the 1912 edition).

Operating room at the Brinkley Hospital, Milford, Kansas. From Sydney B. Flower, The Goat-Gland Transplantation (Chicago: New Thought Book Department, 1921). Public domain. Via Wikimedia Commons.

Flower, Sydney Blanshard. The Goat-Gland Transplantation as Originated and Successfully Performed by J. R. Brinkley, M. D., of Milford, Kansas, U. S. A., in Over 600 Operations Upon Men and Women. Chicago: New Thought Book Department, c1921. Internet Archive: https://archive.org/details/goatglandtranspl00flow

Portrait of Linda Burfield Hazzard, in Macfadden B, ed. Macfadden's Encyclopedia of Physical Culture, vol. 3. New York: Physical Culture Publishing Company; 1920. Via Wikimedia Commons, File:Linda Burfield Hazzard, Macfadden's encyclopedia.jpg. Public domain.

Photograph by Bain News Service, circa 1920. Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division (digital ID ggbain.37126); no known copyright restrictions. Via Wikimedia Commons.

Advertisement, 'You're Not Healthy Unless You're Clean Inside,' Tyrrell's Hygienic Institute, 134 West 65th Street, New York City, c. 1920. Reproduced in/with *The Royal Road to Health* (New York: Tyrrell's Hygienic Institute). Public domain (United States work published c. 1920). Via Wikimedia Commons, File:Tyrell's Hygienic Institute advert.png.

Steinach, Eugen. Verjuengung durch experimentelle Neubelebung der alternden Pubertaetsdruese. Berlin: Julius Springer, 1920. Wikimedia Commons / Internet Archive scan (verjngungdurchex00stei), Public Domain Mark.

Steinach, Eugen. Verjüngung durch experimentelle Neubelebung der alternden Pubertätsdrüse. Berlin: J. Springer, 1920. Reprinted from Roux' Archiv für Entwicklungsmechanik, Bd. 46, June 1920.

Kellogg JH. *Autointoxication; or, Intestinal Toxemia*. Battle Creek, Mich.: The Modern Medicine Publishing Co.; 1919. Internet Archive: autointoxicatio01kellgoog.

Evans, Henry Ridgely. *Cagliostro and His Egyptian Rite of Freemasonry.* New York, 1919.

Alvarez, Walter C. 'Origin of the So-Called Auto-Intoxication Symptoms.' *Journal of the American Medical Association* 1919;72(1):8-13. doi:10.1001/jama.1919.02610010014002.

Bain News Service. 'Dr. Alexis Carrel.' Photograph, c. 1918. George Grantham Bain Collection, Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division. LCCN 2014708483 (ggbain.34418). No known copyright restrictions.

Anatomical plate, Albert Abrams, *New Concepts in Diagnosis and Treatment* (San Francisco: Philopolis Press, 1916). Internet Archive Book Images (identifier newconceptsindia00abra). Holding record: Internet Archive, https://archive.org/details/newconceptsindia00abra. No known copyright restrictions. Via Wikimedia Commons.

Kellogg JH. *Colon Hygiene*. Battle Creek, Mich.: Good Health Publishing Co.; 1916. Internet Archive (from the Library of Congress / Americana collection): colonhygiene00kell.

Abrams, Albert. *New Concepts in Diagnosis and Treatment: Physico-Clinical Medicine, the Practical Application of the Electronic Theory in the Interpretation and Treatment of Disease*. San Francisco: Philopolis Press, 1916. Internet Archive: newconceptsindia00abra.

Stern, Heinrich. *The Theory and Practice of Bloodletting*. New York: Rebman Company, 1915. 233 pp.

Villa, Georges. 'Le Docteur Carrel, de New-York.' Caricature published in Le Chanteclair (Paris), February 1914. Wellcome Collection, London. Accession L0027788. Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) per Wellcome Collection licence.

Photograph of John Harvey Kellogg by E. E. Doty, 1914. United States Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division (digital id cph.3b33669). Public domain. Via Wikimedia Commons.

Villa G [attr.]. 'Le Docteur Carrel, de New York.' Caricature, c. 1913. Wikimedia Commons. File: Caricature Alexis Carrel "Le Docteur Carrel, de New York".JPG. Public domain.

Fletcher H. Fletcherism: What It Is, or, How I Became Young at Sixty. New York: Frederick A. Stokes Company; 1913.

Stevens, Rollin H. 'Isotonic Sea Water in Therapeutics.' Buffalo Medical Journal 68, no. 7 (February 1913): 369–381. PMID 36886323. PMC8732112.

Photograph by Agence Rol, 1913. Bibliothèque nationale de France / Gallica (ark:/12148/btv1b6926750k). Public domain (anonymous author, copyright expired). Restoration by Adam Cuerden, 2022. Via Wikimedia Commons.

Washington State Penitentiary. Mug shot of Linda Burfield Hazzard on admission, 1913. Washington State Archives. Via Wikimedia Commons, File:Linda Burfield Hazzard, mugshot, 1913.jpg. Public domain.

Quinton, René. L'eau de mer, milieu organique; constance du milieu originel, comme milieu vital des cellules, à travers la série animale. 2nd ed. Paris: Masson et Cie, Éditeurs, Libraires de l'Académie de Médecine, 1912. 503 pp. OCLC 1048219069. Internet Archive identifier: leaudemermilieuo00quin.

Bennett S. Old Age: Its Cause and Prevention: The Story of an Old Body and Face Made Young. New York: The Physical Culture Publishing Company; 1912.

Carrel A. "On the permanent life of tissues outside of the organism." Journal of Experimental Medicine. 1912 May 1;15(5):516–528. doi:10.1084/jem.15.5.516. PMID 19867545. PMC2124948.

Bennett S. Old Age: Its Cause and Prevention: The Story of an Old Body and Face Made Young. New York: The Physical Culture Publishing Company; 1912. Photographic plates (frontispiece and exercise plates) and title page. Internet Archive scan of the Cornell University Library copy, cu31924031232105.

Internet Archive. Page scan of title page, L'eau de mer, milieu organique, 2nd ed. (Paris: Masson et Cie, 1912) by René Quinton. Archive.org identifier: leaudemermilieuo00quin. Contributor: MBLWHOI Library. Rights: NIC (Not In Copyright) per Archive.org metadata. https://archive.org/details/leaudemermilieuo00quin.

Photograph of women in bathtubs at Kirvun luonnonparantola, Finland, 1910s. Wikimedia Commons, File:Kuhne-baths-in-Finland-1910s.jpg (public domain; credit Kirvun luonnonparantola).

American Medical Association, Propaganda Department (Arthur J. Cramp et al.). 'J.B.L. Cascade,' in *Nostrums and Quackery: Articles on the Nostrum Evil and Quackery*, vol. 2. Chicago: Press of the American Medical Association. Digitized copy via the Internet Archive (nostrumsquackery02amer), pp. 697-700.

Photograph by George Charles Beresford, 15 July 1911. National Portrait Gallery, London. Public domain in the United States (published before 1 January 1931). Via Wikimedia Commons.

Photograph, 'Battle Creek Sanitarium,' George Grantham Bain Collection, United States Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division (item 2014695023; created between ca. 1910 and ca. 1915). No known restrictions on publication.

Trowbridge WRH. *Cagliostro: The Splendour and Misery of a Master of Magic.* London: Chapman and Hall, 1910.

Photograph by Bain News Service, between circa 1910 and circa 1915. Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division, George Grantham Bain Collection (digital ID ggbain.14791, call number LC-B2-2901-8); no known copyright restrictions. Via Wikimedia Commons.

Horace Fletcher. Bain News Service, publisher. George Grantham Bain Collection, Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division (LCCN 2014683885). No known restrictions on publication.

Edmondson, George Mountain. Rockefeller, John D. 1910-L. Cleveland Public Library, 1910. Digital Public Library of America item 892eb0eaf12fd7ea412021c8b14cfb79; Wikimedia Commons DPLA upload.

"Sebastian Kneipp." The Catholic Encyclopedia, Volume 8. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1910.

Briarcliff Lodge, Briarcliff Manor, New York, circa 1908. Photographer unknown. Briarcliff Manor-Scarborough Historical Society, via Wikimedia Commons (File:Briarcliff Lodge 02.png); no known copyright restrictions.

Hazzard LB. Fasting for the Cure of Disease. Seattle: Harrison Publishing Co.; 1908. 179 p. Library of Congress, RM226 .H3, LCCN 09031446. https://www.loc.gov/item/09031446/

Front cover, Hazzard LB. Fasting for the Cure of Disease. Seattle: Harrison Publishing Co.; 1908. Internet Archive scan (fastingforcureof00hazz) via Wikimedia Commons, File:Fasting for the cure of disease (IA fastingforcureof00hazz).pdf. Public domain.

Colored frontispiece plate, J.H. Kellogg, *The Battle Creek Sanitarium System: History, Organization, Methods* (Battle Creek, Mich.: Gage Printing Co., 1908). Wellcome Collection (work rzmdzhv2; image b21216915). Public Domain Mark.

Portrait of Gaylord Wilshire, c. 1908, reproduced from The Arena, vol. 40 (1908). Wikimedia Commons, public domain. File: 'Picture of Gaylord Wilshire.jpg'.

Physical Culture (magazine), 1908 volume. Illustration extracted via Internet Archive Book Images (source volume physicalculture201908macf). Wikimedia Commons. No known copyright restrictions.

Portrait of Louis Kuhne (1835-1901). Frontispiece from Die neue Heilwissenschaft. Wikimedia Commons, File:Louis Kuhne.jpg (public domain; credit line archive.org/details/dieneueheilwiss00kuhngoog).

Agence Rol. 'M. René Quinton et Louis Barthou, Issy-les-Moulineaux, 7 septembre 08.' Photograph. Bibliothèque nationale de France, Département Estampes et photographie. Wikimedia Commons. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ren%C3%A9_Quinton_y_Louis_Barthou_(1908),.jpg. Public domain.

Agence Rol. 'René Quinton, 1908.' Photograph. Bibliothèque nationale de France, Département Estampes et photographie. Wikimedia Commons. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ren%C3%A9_Quinton_1908.jpg. Public domain.

Kellogg JH. *The Battle Creek Sanitarium System: History, Organization, Methods*. Battle Creek, Mich.: Gage Printing Co., printer; 1908. Wellcome Collection (work rzmdzhv2). Public Domain Mark.

Metchnikoff, Elie. The Prolongation of Life: Optimistic Studies. English translation by P. Chalmers Mitchell. New York and London: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1908. Wikimedia Commons / Internet Archive scan (prolongationofli00metciala), public domain.

Metchnikoff, Élie. *The Prolongation of Life: Optimistic Studies*. English translation by P. Chalmers Mitchell. New York and London: G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1908. (French original: *Essais optimistes*, Paris: A. Maloine, 1907.)

Borys Fomich Gotlib. Portrait of Alexander Bogomolets, 1907. Personal archive of Olga Bogomolets, MD, via Wikimedia Commons. Public domain.

Bennett S. Exercising in Bed: The Simplest and Most Effective System of Exercise Ever Devised. San Francisco: The E. Hilton Co.; 1907.

Poehl, A. von [and others]. *Rational organotherapy: with reference to urosemiology*. London: J. & A. Churchill, 1906.

Horace Fletcher. The New Glutton or Epicure. New York: Frederick A. Stokes Company, 1906. Title page. Internet Archive (newgluttonorepic00fletiala). Public domain.

Advertisement, 'The J.B.L. Cascade ... the only Perfect Appliance for Administering the Internal Bath,' Tyrrell's Hygienic Institute, in *Health: A Home Magazine Devoted to Physical Culture and Hygiene*, December 1905. Public domain (United States work published 1905). Via Wikimedia Commons, File:J. B. L. Casade advert.png.

Méliès, Georges. Le baquet de Mesmer (A Mesmerian Experiment). Star Film, 1905. Internet Archive. Public domain.

Liebig's Extract of Meat Company Limited. 'La ferrovia Transiberiana,' trade card no. 5: Il mercato a Nertchinsk; Al lago Baikal; Tunguso coi pattini. [c. 1900-1909]. Wellcome Collection accession EPH/49/7. Public Domain Mark 1.0.

Chittenden RH. Physiological Economy in Nutrition, with Special Reference to the Minimal Proteid Requirement of the Healthy Man: An Experimental Study. New York: Frederick A. Stokes Company; 1904.

Photograph by Falk, New York, 1903. Public domain (United States; first published before 1931). Via Wikimedia Commons.

Norwood Chemical Co. La Parle Obesity Soap advertisement, 1903. Wikimedia Commons file record, public domain in the United States.

Photograph of Charles Alfred Tyrrell by George G. Rockwood, 1902. Published in *The Successful American*, vol. V, p. 102 (The Writers Press Association, February 1902). Public domain (United States work published 1902). Via Wikimedia Commons, File:Charles Alfred Tyrrell 1902.jpg.

Otto Christoph Joseph Gerhardt Ludwig Overbeck, self-portrait, 1902. Oil painting reproduced via Art UK (self-portrait-101980). Wikimedia Commons, public domain. File: 'Otto Christoph Joseph Gerhardt Ludwig Overbeck, by Otto Christoph Joseph Gerhardt Ludwig Overbeck.jpg'.

Bernarr Macfadden. Frontispiece portrait from Strength from Eating: How and What to Eat and Drink to Develop the Highest Degree of Health and Strength. New York: Physical Culture Publishing Company; 1901. Wikimedia Commons.

Lahmann, Heinrich. The airbath as a means of healing and hardening the body. Stuttgart: A. Zimmer (Ernst Mohrmann), 1901. 2nd ed., 39pp. Harvey Cushing/John Hay Whitney Medical Library, Yale University (Medical Heritage Library). Wellcome Collection record aphz5vhe.

Kuhne, Louis. The New Science of Healing, or, The doctrine of the unity of diseases forming the basis of a uniform method of cure, without medicines and without operations: an instructor and advisor for the healthy and the sick. Leipzig: [Verlag von Louis Kuhne], 1901. English translation of Die neue Heilwissenschaft. Wellcome Collection catalogue work tcd7vnwe (English ed. 1901; an earlier English printing, work vn998nhd, is dated 1900). German editions published by Verlag von Louis Kuhne, Leipzig; the German scan Internet Archive dieneueheilwiss00kuhngoog is a 1908 printing (status NOT_IN_COPYRIGHT).

Macfadden B, Oswald FL. Macfadden's Fasting, Hydropathy and Exercise: Nature's Wonderful Remedies for the Cure of All Chronic and Acute Diseases. London: Bernarr Macfadden; [1900]. 217 pp. Wellcome Collection.

Portrait of Alexander von Poehl (Александр Васильевич Пель, 1850-1908), St. Petersburg pharmacist and chemist. Wikimedia Commons, File:Пель.jpg. Public domain.

Portrait of Albert Abrams, from *Scattered Leaves from a Physician's Diary* (St. Louis, Mo.: Fortnightly Press, 1900). Holding record: Internet Archive, https://archive.org/details/scatteredleavesf00abra. Public domain. Via Wikimedia Commons.

Poehl, Alexander. *Die physiologisch-chemischen Grundlagen der Spermintheorie: nebst klinischem Material zur therapeutischen Verwendung des Sperminum-Poehl* (uebersetzt aus dem Russischen). St. Petersburg: A. Wienecke, 1898.

Kneipp, Sebastian. My water-cure: tested for more than 35 years and published for the cure of diseases and the preservation of health. Translated from the 36th German edition. London: H. Grevel, 1898. 4th ed. of translation. Wellcome Collection, work id kpf4naqv.

Kuhne, Louis. Louis Kuhne's Facial Diagnosis. A free and abridged translation with notes by August F. Reinhold, M.A. New York: A. F. Reinhold, 1897. English translation of Gesichtsausdruckskunde. Held by the Library of Congress (item 06038744; record states 'in the public domain'); digitized as Internet Archive item louiskuhnesfaci00kuhn.

Title page of Louis Kuhne's Facial Diagnosis, trans. August F. Reinhold, New York: A. F. Reinhold, 1897. Internet Archive scan louiskuhnesfaci00kuhn, on Wikimedia Commons as File:Louis Kuhne's Facial diagnosis .. (IA louiskuhnesfaci00kuhn).pdf (public domain); also held by the Library of Congress (item 06038744, public domain).

Liebig's Extract of Meat Company, Limited. 'Liebig Company's extract of meat is invaluable for preparing beef tea and is the cheapest and best stock for flavouring and improving soups, sauces, gravies & made dishes.' [London: Liebig's Extract of Meat Company, c. 1890-1899]. 1 sheet. Wellcome Collection accession EPH/49/10. Public Domain Mark 1.0.

Speech of Sebastian Kneipp at the open hall in Wörishofen [wood engraving]. Die Gartenlaube, Sammelband Nr. 4, p. 61. Leipzig: Verlag Keil's Nachfolger, 1895.

Poehl, Alexander. *Einwirkung des Spermins auf den Stoffumsatz bei Autointoxicationen im Allgemeinen und bei harnsaurer Diathese im Speciellen*. Berlin: Gedr. bei L. Schumacher, 1894.

Goodwin, Gordon. 'Morison, James (1770-1840).' In Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900, Volume 39. London: Smith, Elder & Co. Transcribed text at Wikisource.

Tyrrell, Charles Alfred. *The Royal Road to Health, or, The Secret of Health Without Drugs*. New York: Tyrrell's Hygienic Institute. First published 1894; reissued through many editions. Full text via Project Gutenberg (ebook #3453); a 1920 printing of the c1907 edition is digitized at the Internet Archive (royalroadtohealt00tyrriala).

Title page of Alexander Poehl, *Einwirkung des Spermins auf den Stoffumsatz bei Autointoxicationen im Allgemeinen und bei harnsaurer Diathese im Speciellen* (offprint from the Zeitschrift für klinische Medicin, Band XXVI, Heft 1 und 2), Berlin: L. Schumacher, 1894. Internet Archive identifier b22399070 (Wellcome Collection copy); digitized file also on Wikimedia Commons. Public Domain Mark.

Trademark registration by Pastor Kneipp Medicine Company for Portrait of Pastor Sebastian Kneipp Logo brand Certain Named Medicinal Preparations Of Roots and Herbs. United States trademark registration, 11 April 1893. Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division.

Rigg, James McMullen. 'Long, John St. John.' Dictionary of National Biography, vol. 34. London: Smith, Elder & Co., 1893. Text as transcribed on Wikisource.

Lahmann, Heinrich. Die diätetische Blutentmischung (Dysämie) als Grundursache der Krankheiten: Ein Beitrag zur Lehre von der Krankheitsanlage und Krankheitsverhütung. Stuttgart: A. Zimmer, 1891 (later editions retitled 'als Grundursache aller Krankheiten'; a 17th edition, 249pp, digitized from a Harvard University copy 19 September 2007, is catalogued on Google Books, id ipwNAAAAYAAJ).

Representative period advertisement for 'Brown-Séquard's Elixir' or related testicular-extract preparations, circa 1890, as appeared in European and North American medical and lay press following Brown-Séquard's 1889 announcement. Specific publication, advertiser, and exact date vary across the extant archival record; representative examples are held in the Wellcome Collection (London) and in the History of Medicine collections of major US medical libraries.

Radam, William. Microbes and the Microbe Killer. New York: The Author (Knickerbocker Press), 1890. xiii, 369 pages, illustrations, portrait. Wellcome Collection work yyfshjxr (Public Domain Mark); full scan at Internet Archive identifier b21499457; LCCN 08094478.

'Photograph of William Radam.' Frontispiece/plate from Microbes and the Microbe Killer (New York, 1890), a book held by the Wellcome Collection (work yyfshjxr, https://wellcomecollection.org/works/yyfshjxr ) and the US National Library of Medicine / Internet Archive (b21499457, https://archive.org/details/b21499457 ). Wikimedia Commons, File:William Radam.png. Public domain. Credit line on the Commons record: 'Microbes and the Microbe Killer. New York.'

Laniepce (Paris); print by Ciba (Basle). Portrait of C.E. Brown-Séquard. Wellcome Collection, reference M0013766. CC BY 4.0.

'Wm Radam's "Microbe Killer" No. 1.' National Museum of American History, Smithsonian Institution, object record nmah_1292993 (live URL https://americanhistory.si.edu/collections/object/nmah_1292993). Read from the Internet Archive Wayback Machine snapshot dated 2025-06-24.

Radam, William. 'Apparatus for Impregnating Liquids with Gases.' US Patent No. 412,664, dated October 8, 1889 (application filed July 15, 1889, Serial No. 317,518; witnesses Louis Bagger and August Peterson). Full text and drawing at Google Patents (https://patents.google.com/patent/US412664A/en); drawing sheet digitized by the University of North Texas Libraries via DPLA and hosted at Wikimedia Commons.

"A Woman's Face is Her Fortune" (advertisement for Arsenic Complexion Wafers). The Helena Independent, 9 November 1889, p. 9. Wikimedia Commons file record, public domain.

Radam, William. 'Apparatus for Impregnating Liquids with Gases,' US Patent No. 412,664, patented October 8, 1889: lithographed drawing sheet (imprint 'N. Peters, Photo-Lithographer, Washington, D.C.'). Digitized by the University of North Texas Libraries (Portal to Texas History, ark:/67531/metapth172175, https://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth172175/ ) via the Digital Public Library of America; full patent text at Google Patents (https://patents.google.com/patent/US412664A/en ); Wikimedia Commons, File:Apparatus for Impregnating Liquids with Gases. - DPLA - 0f685d58137fd162e26554d3d9dc43bf (page 1).jpg. Public domain (US patent).

Brown-Séquard, Charles-Édouard. 'Effets produits chez l'homme par des injections sous-cutanées d'un liquide retiré des testicules frais de cobaye et de chien.' *Comptes rendus des séances de la Société de Biologie* (Paris). Communication of 1 June 1889. (English: 'Effects produced in man by subcutaneous injections of a liquid removed from the fresh testicles of guinea-pig and dog.') Specific volume and page numbers vary across modern reviews; the original *Comptes rendus* volumes for 1889 are held in major medical-history libraries and the Société de Biologie archive.

Brown-Séquard, Charles-Édouard. 'The effects produced on man by subcutaneous injections of a liquid obtained from the testicles of animals.' *The Lancet* 1889;2:105-107.

Brown-Sequard, Charles Edouard. The Elixir of Life. Edited by Newell Dunbar. Boston: J. G. Cupples Company, 1889. Wikimedia Commons / Internet Archive scan (b21270739), Public Domain Mark.

Pagel, Julius Leopold. 'Prießnitz, Vincenz.' Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie, vol. 26 (1888), pp. 589-590, via Deutsche Biographie. See also Skopec, Manfred. 'Prießnitz, Vinzenz Franz.' Neue Deutsche Biographie, vol. 20 (2001), p. 720. Biographical authority record for Vincenz Prießnitz (1799-1851), Naturheiler, Begründer der modernen Hydrotherapie.

'Wm. Radam's Microbe Killer' registered trademark device (a man clubbing a skeleton whose scythe lies broken). Wikimedia Commons, File:Radam's Microbe Killer.png. Public domain. Institutional provenance: registered as a US trademark and held by the Library of Congress, item 2023668939 (https://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/2023668939/ ; '[Trademark registration by William Radam for Wm Radam's Microbe Killer. brand A Remedy Known as Microbe Killer]', registered 1893 July 25, rights statement 'No known restrictions on publication'); the trademark itself was secured December 13, 1887 (Barnett).

'Sylvester Graham.' 1 print: wood engraving. New York: Harper & Brothers, 1880. Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, digital ID cph.3c23830.

Graham S. Lectures on the Science of Human Life. New York: S.R. Wells; 1877 (reprint).

Haeseler (photographer). Portrait of Charles-Édouard Brown-Séquard (1817-1894), c. 1875. Images from the History of Medicine, National Library of Medicine. Public domain.

Liebig, Justus von. Extract of meat. [London?]: [publisher not identified], [1872]. 3 pages. Wellcome Collection record cemrjbbt. Public Domain Mark.

Hufeland, Christoph Wilhelm. The Art of Prolonging Life. Edited by Erasmus Wilson. Philadelphia: Lindsay & Blakiston, 1867. English edition of Makrobiotik / Die Kunst das menschliche Leben zu verlängern, from the last London edition.

Hufeland, Christoph Wilhelm. The Art of Prolonging Life. Edited by Erasmus Wilson. Philadelphia: Lindsay & Blakiston, 1867. Wikimedia Commons / Internet Archive scan (artofprolongingl00hufeuoft), Public Domain Mark.

Wasser Anwendungsformen in der Wasser-Heilanstalt zu Gräfenberg (Forms of water application at the Gräfenberg water-cure establishment). Lithograph, ca. 1860, catalogued by Wellcome Collection as 'Hydrotherapy: ... cures at Gräfenberg'. Wellcome Collection (catalogue work qxqksvs9; iconographic no. 20236i; image V0016688). Public Domain Mark.

'Death of Sylvester Graham.' Buffalo Medical Journal and Monthly Review of Medical and Surgical Science. 1851 Nov;7(6):350. PMID 35375654.

Homeopathic medicine chest, Europe, 1801-1900. Wellcome Collection (Wellcome Images L0057795), via Wikimedia Commons. Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0).

Grimstone, Edward (lithographer). Samuel Christian Friedrich Hahnemann. Lithograph, 1850. Wellcome Collection. Public Domain Mark.

A mesmerist using animal magnetism on a seated female patient. Wood engraving, ca. 1845. Wellcome Collection, b11599558. Public Domain Mark.

Vincenz Priessnitz. Lithograph by Carl Goebel (Göbel), 1845. Wellcome Collection (catalogue work e5sjd4p6; image V0004780). Public Domain Mark.

Cook, J. Stipple engraving portrait of Justus von Liebig, after Trautschold, 1844. Wellcome Collection record 5799i / image V0003554; Wikimedia Commons file record, CC BY 4.0.

Mr. Lambkin in bed undergoing hydrotherapy with a follower of V. Priessnitz. Lithograph by George Cruikshank, from 'The Bachelor's Own Book; being twenty-four passages in the life of Mr. Lambkin', 1844. Wellcome Collection (catalogue work cwy7wrqj; reference 12114i). Public Domain Mark. Series publication year (1844) per the British Museum catalogue (the Wellcome record for this plate is undated).

Holmes, Oliver Wendell. *Homeopathy and Its Kindred Delusions: Two Lectures Delivered Before the Boston Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge*. Boston: William D. Ticknor, 1842. 88 pp. Reprinted in *Medical Essays, 1842 to 1882*, Boston: Houghton, Mifflin and Company, 1883.

Claridge, R. T. Hydropathy; or, The Cold Water Cure, as practised by Vincent Priessnitz, at Graefenberg, Silesia, Austria. London: James Madden and Co., 1842. Internet Archive item b29294393; Wellcome Collection catalogue work c9k3u92f (Harvey Cushing/John Hay Whitney Medical Library copy).

Graham S. A Lecture to Young Men, on Chastity: Intended Also for the Serious Consideration of Parents and Guardians. 4th ed. Boston: George W. Light, 1 Cornhill; 1838. Title page. Wellcome Collection (work id k8j7cb55).

Graham S. A Lecture to Young Men, on Chastity: Intended Also for the Serious Consideration of Parents and Guardians. 4th ed. Boston: George W. Light, 1 Cornhill; 1838.

Graham S. A Treatise on Bread, and Bread-Making. Boston: Light & Stearns; 1837.

Graham, Sylvester. A Treatise on Bread, and Bread-Making. Boston: Light & Stearns, 1837. Internet Archive scan (treatiseonbreadb00grah).

David d'Angers, Pierre-Jean (sculptor). Samuel Christian Friedrich Hahnemann. Plaster bust, 1837. Wellcome Collection. Public Domain Mark.

Grant, C.J. 'Awful effects of Morison's vegetable pills!' Hand-coloured satirical print, 'Danger's Magic' No. 2. London: printed and published by Dawson, 11 Paternoster Row, 5 November 1835. Wellcome Collection (catalogue work tegtzzxw; image L0021197). Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0).

'Morison's Pills: the wonderful power of the pills exemplified showing the same person before and after.' Illustrated title page of a comic song (sung by Mr Fitzwilliam, attributed to 'Pilula Rhubarbus M.D.'), London: Leoni Lee, [1835]. Wellcome Collection (catalogue work n2evpf6g; presentation manifest b16749194). Public Domain Mark.

Court, Joseph-Désiré. Portrait of the Marquis de Lafayette. Oil on canvas, 1834. Musée de l'Histoire de France, Versailles (MV 2346). Via Wikimedia Commons. Public domain.

James Morison. Coloured aquatint after H. Berthoud (undated, circa 1830s), published by J. Field, London. Wellcome Collection (catalogue work x2kmat76; image V0004132). Public Domain Mark.

Long, John St John. Discoveries in the Science and Art of Healing; Together with the Evidence upon Which the Author Claims the Confidence of the Country, &c. London: Burgess & Hill, 1830. Wellcome Collection, digitized copy b21064763.

Heath, Henry. Four donkeys inhaling foetid gas and having their backs scrubbed with vitriol; representing John St. John Long's fatal method of therapy. Etching. London: S.W. Fores, 1830. Wellcome Collection reference 11191i / Miro image V0010988. Public Domain Mark.

Sharpshooter, A. (attrib.) J. St. John Long (a dubious medical practitioner) dressed as a funeral mourner surrounded by ducks and placards which advertise several malpractice cases of his in which patients died. Coloured etching. London: G. Humphrey, 8 September 1830. Wellcome Collection reference 21000i / Miro image V0016227. Public Domain Mark.

'John St John Long. Lithograph.' Wellcome Collection, reference 6006i / Miro image V0003691. Public Domain Mark.

St. John Long and His Disciples. The Medico-chirurgical Review 13(26): 572-573, 1 October 1830. PMID: 29919038. PMCID: PMC5100398.

Morison, James. Morisoniana; or, Family adviser of the British College of Health: being a collection of the works of Mr Morison, the Hygeist. 2nd ed. London: Sherwood & Gilbert, 1829. Wellcome Collection (catalogue work wa63a4qz). Public Domain Mark.

Pulmonary Consumption-Quackeries of St. John Long. The Medico-chirurgical Review 10(19): 245-248, 1 January 1829. PMID: 29919312. PMCID: PMC5104104.

Hufeland, Christoph Wilhelm. The Art of Prolonging Human Life: in which the subject is fully considered, both philosophically and practically. London: Simpkin and Marshall, 1829. Wikimedia Commons / Internet Archive scan (b21690741), Public Domain Mark.

Plate from A.-M.-J. Chastenet de Puységur, *Mémoires pour servir à l'histoire et à l'établissement du magnétisme animal* (Paris: J.G. Dentu, 1820). Wellcome Collection, image L0016301. Public Domain Mark.

Chastenet de Puységur, Armand-Marie-Jacques de. *Recherches, expériences et observations physiologiques sur l'homme dans l'état de somnambulisme naturel, et dans le somnambulisme provoqué par l'acte magnétique*. Paris: J.G. Dentu, 1811. Wellcome Collection.

Hahnemann, Samuel. Organon der rationellen Heilkunde. Dresden: Arnold, 1810. Later editions carried the title Organon der Heilkunst; the sixth edition was completed in 1842 and published only in 1921.

Cornaro, Luigi; Franklin, Benjamin; Scott, Thomas. The Immortal Mentor, or, Man's Unerring Guide to a Healthy, Wealthy, & Happy Life. Compiled by M. L. Weems. Mill-Hill near Trenton: Daniel Fenton; printed by Brown and Merritt, Philadelphia, 1810. Wikimedia Commons / Internet Archive scan (2558026R.nlm.nih.gov), Public Domain Mark.

'Of Quacks and Empiricism' and the correspondence answering it, The Medical and Physical Journal, vol. 13 (London, Jan.-Jun. 1805), pp. 66-75 and 258-67 (citation per Mackintosh 2017). Digitized public-domain volume: Internet Archive item medicalandphysi05unkngoog (Google-digitized); also Google Books id c8mFDSWwRb4C. Public domain.

Samuel Solomon, M.D. Stipple engraving by W. Angus after a painting by J. Steel of Bath, published 1 May 1805 by Dr Solomon, Liverpool. Wellcome Collection (catalogue work whk59van; image V0005542ER). Public Domain Mark.

Corry, John. Quack Doctors Dissected; or, a New, Cheap, and Improved Edition of Corry's Detector of Quackery: Containing Several Curious Anecdotes of Solomon, Brodum, Perkins, and Other Modern Empirics; with Strictures on Book-makers, & Puffing Publishers. London: sold by Champante and Whitrow [and others], circa 1802. Held by the Wellcome Collection (Wellcome Library) and digitized through the Medical Heritage Library; Internet Archive item b30369496 (https://archive.org/details/b30369496); public-domain copy on Wikimedia Commons. Public domain.

By His Majesty's Royal Letters Patent. Dr. Brodum's nervous cordial, and botanical syrup. [London]: [Walker], [1801?]. Wellcome Collection (catalogue work hcza4zdf; digitized copy IIIF presentation b30354596). Public Domain Mark. Digitized full text also at Internet Archive item b30354596.

John Haygarth (1740-1827). Line engraving by W. Cooke, 1801, after J. H. Bell. Wellcome Collection, reference M0001844. CC BY 4.0.

After James Gillray (1756-1815). Metallic Tractors, the caricature published 1801; this hand-colored etching impression is dated 1803 by the Metropolitan Museum of Art, accession 83.2.1149, gift of William H. Huntington, 1883. CC0 public domain dedication. Via Wikimedia Commons.

Haygarth, John. *Of the Imagination, as a Cause and as a Cure of Disorders of the Body; Exemplified by Fictitious Tractors, and Epidemical Convulsions. Read to the Literary and Philosophical Society of Bath*. Bath: R. Cruttwell, for Cadell and Davies, Strand, London, 1800. 39 pp.

Solomon, Samuel. An account of that most excellent medicine, the cordial balm of Gilead, so justly celebrated for the relief and cure of nervous disorders, female complaints, weaknesses, loss of appetite, impurity of blood ... [advertising tract], Solomon's Place, Liverpool, circa 1799-1800. Held by the Wellcome Collection (Wellcome Library) and digitized through the Medical Heritage Library; Internet Archive item b3038946x (https://archive.org/details/b3038946x); public-domain copy on Wikimedia Commons. Public domain.

Drawing of Elisha Perkins (1741-1799). Author unknown. Published before 1931. Public domain. Via Wikimedia Commons.

Kant, Immanuel. Der Streit der Fakultäten (The Conflict of the Faculties), 1798. The third part is Kant's open letter to Hufeland responding to his 1797 treatise Die Kunst, das menschliche Leben zu verlängern (later retitled Makrobiotik from the 1805 third edition); Hufeland first published the letter in his Journal der practischen Arzneykunde.

Hufeland, Christoph Wilhelm. Die Kunst, das menschliche Leben zu verlängern. 2 vols. Jena: Akademische Buchhandlung, 1797. From the third edition (Berlin, 1805) the work was retitled Makrobiotik oder die Kunst das menschliche Leben zu verlängern.

William Brodum. Coloured stipple engraving by E. A. Ezekiel, 1797, after G. Barry. Wellcome Collection (catalogue work m55q5yfa; image V0000783). References: R. Burgess, Portraits of Doctors & Scientists in the Wellcome Institute (London, 1973), no. 426.1; Wellcome Collection 1397i. Public Domain Mark.

Hahnemann, Samuel. 'Versuch über ein neues Prinzip zur Auffindung der Heilkräfte der Arzneisubstanzen.' Hufeland's Journal der practischen Arzneykunde und Wundarzneykunst, 1796. English title: 'Essay on a New Principle for Ascertaining the Curative Powers of Drugs.'

Brodum, William. A Guide to Old Age, or a Cure for the Indiscretions of Youth. London: Printed by J. W. Myers for the author, 1795. Wellcome Collection (catalogue work gsy34qcc; digitized copy IIIF presentation b28758353). Public Domain Mark. (Reissues: London, printed by J. Cundee, 1800, Wellcome work gbnrjm8m; a further J. W. Myers 1795 record at work ajgsbc4z.)

*The Life of Joseph Balsamo, commonly called Count Cagliostro.* London, 1791. English translation of the Roman Inquisition's official biography *Compendio della vita e delle gesta di Giuseppe Balsamo* (Rome: Reverenda Camera Apostolica, 1791), extracted from the proceedings of the Holy Office against Cagliostro.

James Gillray, *A Masonic Anecdote* (*Anecdote Maconique*), satirical etching, 1786. National Portrait Gallery, London (NPG D13056). Public domain.

Jean-Antoine Houdon, *Portrait of Giuseppe Balsamo (called Count Alessandro Cagliostro)*, marble bust, circa 1786. Los Angeles County Museum of Art, accession 62.18. Public domain.

John Kay (artist). *Dr. James Graham going along the North Bridge in a High Wind.* Caricature etching, 1785. Wikimedia Commons file 'James_Graham_Kay.jpg' (uploaded 18 October 2013 from edinburghbookshelf.org.uk); Public Domain Mark.

*Love in a stone coffin.* Satirical etching, 1785. British Museum, accession 1868,0808.5412. Reproduced on Wikimedia Commons (file 'Love_in_a_stone_coffin_(BM_1868,0808.5412).jpg'); public domain.

Bailly, Jean-Sylvain; Franklin, Benjamin; Lavoisier, Antoine-Laurent; Guillotin, Joseph-Ignace; d'Arcet, Jean; Le Roy, Jean-Baptiste; et al. Confidential report to King Louis XVI concerning moral and physical risks of the mesmeric practice, 1784. Held in the French royal archives; reproduced in modern editions of the commission's documents (e.g., I.M.L. Donaldson's annotated translations and Robert Darnton's documentary appendix to *Mesmerism and the End of the Enlightenment in France*).

Chastenet de Puységur, Armand-Marie-Jacques de. *Détail des cures opérées à Buzancy, près Soissons, par le magnétisme animal*. A Soissons: [s.n.], 1784. Wellcome Collection.

Dupin, Nicolas (engraver), after Desrais, Claude-Louis. Engraved portrait of Franz Anton Mesmer. 18th century. Wellcome Collection, accession 23327i. Public Domain Mark.

Le baquet de Mesmer. 18th-century illustration. Université Claude Bernard Lyon via Wikimedia Commons. Public domain.

Parmantié, Faustine. Maria Theresia von Paradis. Drawing, 1784. Österreichische Nationalbibliothek / Bildarchiv Austria. Via Wikimedia Commons. Public domain.

Desrais, Claude-Louis (after). Patients around Mesmer's baquet. Coloured etching, 18th century. Wellcome Collection, accession 17918i. CC BY 4.0.

Bailly, Jean-Sylvain; Franklin, Benjamin; Lavoisier, Antoine-Laurent; Guillotin, Joseph-Ignace; d'Arcet, Jean; Le Roy, Jean-Baptiste; Sallin, et al. *Rapport des commissaires chargés par le Roi de l'examen du magnétisme animal*. Paris: Imprimerie Royale, August 1784. English translation: 'Report of Dr. Benjamin Franklin and Other Commissioners, Charged by the King of France with the Examination of the Animal Magnetism, as now Practised at Paris,' London, 1785.

John Boyne (artist). *The Docter himself Pouring out his whole Soul for 1[s].* Satirical etching, London, published 12 February 1783 by R. Rusted. British Museum, accession 1868,0808.4926. Reproduced on Wikimedia Commons; public domain.

*Portret van Alessandro Cagliostro*, engraving (engraved by S. Wm Evans; published by A. Loosjes P.Z.), dated between 1782 and 1816. Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam (RP-P-1909-4425). CC0.

Portrait of Armand de Chastelet, marquis de Puységur (1751-1825). 18th-century French school, pastel. Sale, Coutau-Bégarie (Paris); via Wikimedia Commons. Public domain.

Mesmer, Franz Anton. *Mémoire sur la découverte du magnétisme animal*. Geneva and Paris: Didot le Jeune, 1779. Reprinted multiple times in subsequent editions and in English translation as *Mesmerism: A Memoir on the Discovery of Animal Magnetism*.

Lind, James. *A Treatise of the Scurvy. In Three Parts. Containing an Inquiry into the Nature, Causes, and Cure of that Disease. Together with a Critical and Chronological View of What Has Been Published on the Subject*. Edinburgh: Sands, Murray, and Cochran, for A. Kincaid and A. Donaldson, 1753. 456 pp.

Luigi Cornaro. Discorsi della vita sobria. Venice: Marc'Antonio Brogiollo, 1620 (MDCXX). Title page. Digitized by the Bibliotheque nationale de France (Gallica, ark:/12148/bpt6k51103j). Public domain.

Jacopo Tintoretto. Portrait of Alvise Cornaro. Oil on canvas, c. 1560-1565. Galleria Palatina, Palazzo Pitti, Florence (inv. 83). Public domain (artist died 1594). Reproduction via the Web Gallery of Art and Wikimedia Commons.

Cornaro A (Luigi). Discorsi della vita sobria [Discourses on the Sober Life]. First three discourses gathered at Padua, 1558; a fourth discourse by 1562. Modern English edition: Writings on the Sober Life: The Art and Grace of Living Long. Toronto: University of Toronto Press; 2014. ISBN 978-1-4426-4509-7.