The evidence base.

Naturo Electro-Homoeopathy Medicos of India (NEHM of India) [organization website]. "About Electropathy." indiaelectropathy.org/about-electropathy/. Accessed 2026-08-15.

Wikipedia contributors. 'Aleksandr Bogomolets.' English Wikipedia, infobox data and lead section as fetched on 2026-05-28.

'Alexander Wassiljewitsch Poehl.' German Wikipedia. https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Wassiljewitsch_Poehl (article extract retrieved 30 May 2026).

'Ana Aslan.' English Wikipedia. Retrieved 2026-06-03.

'Biography of Dr. Wilhelm Reich.' Wilhelm Reich Museum, Rangeley, Maine. https://wilhelmreichmuseum.org/about/biography-of-wilhelm-reich/ (page title confirmed from the fetched page's <title> tag; no dated byline visible on the page).

"Brandreth's Pills" (medicine box, object ID 95.190.464.B; manufacture date unknown, catalogue range 1888-1965). Allcock Mfg. Co., Ossining, N.Y. History Colorado, Stephen H. Hart Research Center collection catalogue (Argus online catalogue), record accessed 2026.

Blueprint. 'Bryan Johnson's Protocol.' blueprint.bryanjohnson.com/blogs/news/bryan-johnsons-protocol, updated 23 January 2026.

Elbediwy, Ahmed, and Nadine Wehida. Can supplements containing NMN, NAD+ and resveratrol really slow ageing? Here's what the evidence says. The Conversation (US edition), 20 May 2026.

Wellcome Collection. "Cesare Mattei." Concept record, sourced from Wikidata: "Italian noble, politician and physician (1809-1896)." wellcomecollection.org/concepts/r37wx3dx.

Deutsche Nationalbibliothek. Gemeinsame Normdatei (GND) authority record for Lahmann, Heinrich, GND 117573760. Date of birth 1860; date of death 1905; place of death Friedrichstal (Radeberg); occupation 'Dt. Arzt u. Naturheiler' (German physician and naturopath). Accessed 2026-07-08.

Deutsche Nationalbibliothek. Gemeinsame Normdatei (GND) authority record for Bircher-Benner, Max, GND 118663348. Date of birth 1867-08-22; date of death 1939-01-24; occupation Arzt (physician). Accessed 2026-06-05.

Dinshah Health Society, official website, dinshahhealth.org, accessed 2026-08-13.

Wikipedia contributors. "Ernst T. Krebs." English Wikipedia, article as fetched 21 August 2026.

M Robertson. 'Bryan Johnson 2026.jpg.' Photograph, 15 May 2026. Wikimedia Commons (originally published to Flickr). CC BY 4.0.

Wikipedia contributors. 'Gayelord Hauser.' Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Accessed 7 July 2026.

Farmacia Tei. Gerovital H3, five 5 ml ampoules, Zentiva, accessed 12 July 2026.

National Agency for Medicines and Medical Devices of Romania. Gerovital H3 medicines-register entry, accessed 12 July 2026.

hadacol.com, direct fetch, August 16, 2026.

Bad Wörishofen tourism authority. Health, accessed 12 July 2026.

Riordan Clinic. High-Dose IV Vitamin C (IVC). riordanclinic.org, accessed 2026 (page copyright dated 2026).

William G. Pomeroy Foundation. "Granula" historic marker (Hungry for History grant program), 186 Main St, Dansville, NY. wgpfoundation.org/historic-markers/granula/.

Essiac Canada International. "History of R. Caisse." Accessed 2026-08-17. https://www.essiac-canada-intl.com/history-of-r-caisse/

National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health. Homeopathy. U.S. National Institutes of Health, accessed 12 July 2026.

"Hoxsey Bio Medical Center." TijuanaClinics.com directory. Accessed 11 July 2026. https://tijuanaclinics.com/medical-clinic/hoxsey-bio-medical-center/.

Wikipedia contributors. 'James Graham (sexologist).' English Wikipedia, lead section and biographical sections as fetched on 2026-05-29.

jimhumble.co. Homepage, byline 'By Jim Humble (1932-2023)', maintained by 'Team Jim Humble'. Accessed 18 July 2026; most recent post dated 12 July 2026.

"Joanna Stephens," Famous Clinicians Room, BAUS Virtual Museum of the History of Urology, British Association of Urological Surgeons (undated, continuously maintained institutional page; cited with current access year).

Wikipedia contributors. 'John St. John Long.' English Wikipedia, as fetched on 2026-07-06 (revision 1337596356).

Chicago Tribune. "Kevin Trudeau, onetime infomercial pitchman, paid $2.3M for River North condo". Chicago Tribune, 15 January 2026.

Kneipp worldwide. Kneipp GmbH corporate website, international landing page (undated, continuously maintained; cited with current access year).

Quinton.bio. 'Laboratory History.' https://quinton.bio/about-us/laboratory-history. Accessed 27 June 2026. Published by Laboratoires Quinton International S.L. (active enterprise).

Naturo Electro-Homoeopathy Medicos of India (NEHM of India) [organization website]. "Legal Aspects / Milestones." indiaelectropathy.org/legal-aspects-milestones/. Accessed 2026-08-05.

Lifespan book official website. About, accessed 12 July 2026.

Metro International Biotech. Company website, accessed 12 July 2026.

Miracle Mineral Supplement. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Accessed 18 July 2026.

Wollina U, Hoenig LJ, Parish LC. Natura sanat—nature heals—Dr Heinrich Lahmann and his physiatric sanatorium. Clinics in Dermatology. 2026;44(2):311-318. doi:10.1016/j.clindermatol.2025.09.015. PMID 41022271.

Dougan, Michael B. "Norman Baker (1882-1958)." Encyclopedia of Arkansas. Central Arkansas Library System. Last updated 1 March 2026. https://encyclopediaofarkansas.net/entries/norman-baker-4885/.

Natural Cures Info LLC. “Privacy.” NaturalCures.com. Accessed 10 July 2026.

Wikipedia contributors. 'René Quinton.' Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Quinton. Accessed 27 June 2026.

Quinton.bio. 'René Quinton.' https://quinton.bio/about-us/rene-quinton. Accessed 27 June 2026. Published by Laboratoires Quinton International S.L. (active enterprise).

Quintonmedical.com. 'René Quinton.' https://quintonmedical.com/marine-therapy/rene-quinton. Accessed 2026-06-27. Published by Laboratoires Quinton International S.L. (active enterprise).

Odell, James. Sebastian Kneipp. Bioregulatory Medicine Institute (BRMI), undated company/biographical profile (site copyright range 2017-2026; cited with current access year).

Sebastian Kneipp - My Life. Bad Wörishofen official tourism/history site (Kur & Tourismus Bad Wörishofen).

Tesla BioHealing, Inc., company website, teslabiohealing.com, accessed July 15, 2026.

ClinicalTrials.gov, 'The Impact of Biophoton Therapy on Self-Grown Stem Cells,' identifier NCT06855459, overall status Completed (primary completion 2026-04-30); no results posted as of retrieval.

Unternehmensgeschichte. Kneipp GmbH corporate website, company history section (undated, continuously maintained page; cited with current access year).

'Vitalism.' Encyclopaedia Britannica. Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc. Accessed 24 May 2026. https://www.britannica.com/science/vitalism

NaturalCures.com. “Why Join?” Accessed 10 July 2026.

Ryan, Bernard, Jr. 'Wilhelm Reich Trial: 1956.' Great American Trials / Notable Trials and Court Cases -- 1954 to 1962, Law Library - American Law and Legal Information (JRank). https://law.jrank.org/pages/3074/Wilhelm-Reich-Trial-1956-Ignores-Injunction.html (byline 'Bernard Ryan, Jr.' confirmed at the foot of the fetched article page; page footer reads 'Copyright 2026 Web Solutions LLC').

Kohl, Julie. "A Haunting Hoax: Norman Baker's Cancer Scam." Only In Arkansas. 15 January 2025. https://onlyinark.com/culture/a-haunting-hoax-norman-bakers-cancer-scam/.

Dudek-Wicher, Ruth, Malwina Brożyna, Justyna Paleczny, Beata Mączyńska, Bartłomiej Dudek, Paweł Migdał, Arleta Dołowacka-Jóźwiak, Jędrzej Fischer, and Adam Junka. "Antimicrobial properties and toxicity challenges of chlorine dioxide used in alternative medicine." Scientific Reports 15, no. 1 (25 May 2025): 18267. PMID: 40414916. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-01852-z.

Rennis P (RSI); additional reporting Raaflaub C. Birchermüesli: from cure to cult. SWI swissinfo.ch. 8 November 2025.

Rehfeldt, Courtney. 'Bryan Johnson's Longevity Startup Raises $60M, Attracts Big-Name Investors.' AthleTech News, 29 October 2025.

Buck Institute for Research on Aging press release: 'Clinical Trial and Multi-Omics Analysis Demonstrates the Impact of Therapeutic Plasma Exchange on Biological Age.' May 2025.

The New York Times. 'Can This Trendy Anti-Aging Treatment Really Help You Live Longer?' Well, 28 May 2025.

Ahmed, Jabed. "Children left seriously ill after parents follow influencer's advice to 'cure' autism with bleach." The Independent, 2 June 2025.

Lockhart, Bill, Bob Brown, David Whitten, Bill Lindsey, and Carol Serr. "Dr. S.B. Hartman and Peruna." Historic Glass Bottle Identification & Information Website (Society for Historical Archaeology), published Feb. 3, 2025.

AboutNAD (Niagen Bioscience, Inc.). FDA Reverses NMN Decision: Risks, Quality Concerns, & Alternative Options. 8 October 2025.

Alobo shalom. The incredible grapes.jpg. Wikimedia Commons, 22 April 2025. CC BY 4.0.

Mx. Granger. Vitamin C supplements 1.jpg. 27 July 2025. Wikimedia Commons.

Apsley AT, Etzel L, Ye Q, Shalev I. 'From population science to the clinic? Limits of epigenetic clocks as personal biomarkers.' Epigenomics 2025;17(18):1447-1461. DOI: 10.1080/17501911.2025.2603880. PMID: 41403206.

Drugs.com. KH-3 professional monograph, medically reviewed 22 December 2025.

Leigh Dayton, Lessons from one of the first medicinal patents, Australian Pharmacist, 25 July 2025.

Harrison S. Linus Pauling's Vitamin C Crusade. Science History Institute, 5 June 2025.

Proença, Mauro. 'Longevity or Marketing? Dissecting the Claims of the Blueprint Protocol.' American Council on Science and Health, 10 February 2025.

Jonathan Jarry, 'Med Beds: Not Today, Maybe Tomorrow?,' McGill University Office for Science and Society, August 7, 2025.

Fuentealba M, Schneider K, Kiprov D, Mu W-C, Kumaar PA, Kasler H, Burton JB, Watson M, Halaweh H, King CD, Yüksel ZS, Roska-Pamaong C, Schilling B, Verdin E, Furman D. 'Multi-omics Analysis Reveals Biomarkers That Contribute to Biological Age Rejuvenation in Response to Single-Blinded Randomized Placebo-Controlled Therapeutic Plasma Exchange.' *Aging Cell* 2025;24(8):e70103. Published online 28 May 2025. DOI: 10.1111/acel.70103. PubMed: 40424097. ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT06534450.

Uploadcare. 'PhotoFix20221211181007.jpg.' 900-by-500-pixel reproduction, last modified 7 February 2025; accessed 19 August 2026.

Parr, Sam. 'The $300 Million Exit That's Funding Humanity's Future, with Bryan Johnson.' Hampton (joinhampton.com), 28 February 2025.

Smith, David L. The King's Evil Without the King: The Royal Touch during the Interregnum. Journal of Religious History (December 2025). doi:10.1111/1467-9809.13158.

Dawson SW, Le DQ, Tan EJ, Le LK-D. The regulation on the use of supplements for weight control: Case studies from Australia, the United States of America, and the United Kingdom. Health Policy Open. 2025;8:100136. doi:10.1016/j.hpopen.2025.100136. PMID 40084066.

Marcus, Amy Dockser. A Reverse Aging Guru's Trail of Failed Businesses. The Wall Street Journal, 5-6 December 2024.

Kaeberlein, Matt. LinkedIn post, 3 March 2024.

"Andrew Conway Ivy." Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Conway_Ivy (accessed 2026-06-27).

Encyclopaedia Britannica. 'Bernarr Macfadden.' Encyclopaedia Britannica. Accessed 2 June 2026.

Arrazati, Dylan G. 'Bryan Johnson's $999 Longevity Plan: Overpriced Anti-Aging Hype or Genuine Health Revolution?' NAD.com, 19 January 2024.

Coralie Hermetet, Marine Jourdan, Alain Baert, Laurie Gheddar, Alice Ameline, Pascal Kintz, and Renaud Bouvet, Case report: Fatal long-term intoxication by 2,4-dinitrophenol and anabolic steroids in a young bodybuilder with muscle dysmorphia, Frontiers in Public Health 12 (2024): 1452196. PMID 39659715. doi:10.3389/fpubh.2024.1452196

Clinical trial registration: NCT06534450. 'Multi-omics Analysis on Plasma Exchange.' Buck Institute for Research on Aging in collaboration with Circulate Health. Diagnostic Investigational Review Board. Registered on ClinicalTrials.gov in 2024 ahead of trial completion.

Livia Gershon, "Colorful Lights to Cure What Ails You," JSTOR Daily, 12 April 2024.

Weiss, Brett J. Dr. David Sinclair Steps Down from Prominent Aging Research Academy. NMN.com, 7 May 2024 (updated 17 May 2024).

Long, Josh. FDA faces new lawsuit from NPA over anti-aging ingredient NMN. SupplySide Supplement Journal (Informa Markets), 28 August 2024.

U.S. Food and Drug Administration. FDA Issues Warning About Toxic Amygdalin Found in Apricot Seeds. FDA.gov Alerts, Advisories & Safety Information. 24 May 2024.

Molteni, Megan. Harvard longevity scientist sparks furor with claim about reversing aging in dogs. STAT News, 5 March 2024.

La Tour, Jesse. 'Henry Gaylord Wilshire: The Millionaire Socialist.' Fullerton Observer, October 25, 2024.

PDQ Integrative, Alternative, and Complementary Therapies Editorial Board. High-Dose Vitamin C (PDQ): Patient Version. Bethesda, MD: National Cancer Institute (US); last revised 28 May 2024.

'Humour.' Encyclopaedia Britannica (ancient physiology entry). The four cardinal humours of early Western physiological theory: blood, phlegm, choler (yellow bile), and melancholy (black bile).

'Kuhne, Louis.' Deutsche Biographie (GND authority record), GND 1166088235. Lebensdaten 1835-03-14 to 1901-04-04; Sterbeort Leipzig.

Ciardha, Victor. 'Longevity Expert Explains How Bryan Johnson Has Not Reduced His Pace of Aging by 31 Years.' NMN.com, 24 September 2024.

'Louis Kuhne, Naturheilkundler.' Deutsche Digitale Bibliothek, person record. Geboren 14. März 1835, Landkreis Nordsachsen; gestorben 4. April 1901, Leipzig. Works listed: Die neue Heilwissenschaft; Gesichtsausdruckskunde.

Alice Howarth, The Skeptic, 'Med Beds: the futuristic health devices promising to cure you with undefined energy,' August 28, 2024.

David Klepper, Associated Press, 'Miracle cures: Online conspiracy theories are creating a new age of unproven medical treatments,' January 31, 2024.

High Court of Judicature at Allahabad, Lucknow Bench (Vivek Chaudhary and Om Prakash Shukla, JJ.). Rajesh Kumar & Anr. v. Union of India, Writ-C No. 6856 of 2009, Neutral Citation No. 2024:AHC-LKO:37418-DB, decided 16 May 2024; reported at (2024) 5 ILRA 1521.

Weidow, Brandy, M.S. 'Samuel Thomson.' EBSCO Research Starters. EBSCO Information Services, 2024.

Marcus, Amy Dockser, and Dominique Mosbergen. Star Scientist's Claim of Reverse Aging Draws Hail of Criticism. The Wall Street Journal, 27 April 2024.

Dansville Area Chamber of Commerce. "The History of Healthcare in Dansville." dansvillechamber.com/the-history-of-healthcare-in-dansville/.

Ehrlich, Matthew C. The Krebiozen Hoax: How a Mysterious Cancer Drug Shook Organized Medicine. Urbana: 3 Fields Books, an imprint of the University of Illinois Press, 2024. ISBN 978-0-252-08811-7.

Schwarcz, Joe. 'The Life and Death of a Soviet-Era Search for Longevity.' McGill Office for Science and Society, 20 September 2024. First published in The Montreal Gazette.

Crabtree, Adam, and Sarah Osei-Bonsu. *The Marquis de Puységur, Artificial Somnambulism, and the Discovery of the Unconscious Mind*. London: Routledge, 2024. ISBN 9781003300625. DOI: 10.4324/9781003300625.

Royal Holloway, University of London. 'Thomas and Jane Holloway - Count Gleichen, c.1883.' Art Collections Highlights, 15 November 2024.

Coffey, L J. A simple idea for staying healthy. BBC Travel, 5 September 2023.

Gale A. "Andrew Conway Ivy, MD: The Missouri Physician Who Coauthored the Nuremberg Code." Missouri Medicine. Nov-Dec 2023;120(6):426–427. PMID 38144930. PMC 10743326.

Prater, Erin. 'Blueprint CEO Bryan Johnson defends blood plasma transfusion with son.' Fortune, 13 July 2023, 4:41pm ET.

Ortiz M, Koch AK, Cramer H, Linde K, Rotter G, Teut M, Brinkhaus B, Haller H. Clinical effects of Kneipp hydrotherapy: a systematic review of randomised controlled trials. BMJ Open. 2023;13(7):e070951. DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-070951. PMID: 37423627.

Representative methodological review of epigenetic age clocks as predictors of individual-level mortality and disease incidence. Exact citation pending verification; the canonical reference for the surrogate-endpoint critique of epigenetic-clock-based aging interventions includes work by Bell, Lu, Levine, Horvath, and others on clock validation against chronological age, all-cause mortality, and disease incidence. The general finding: epigenetic clocks are validated as population-level predictors of chronological age and average mortality risk; they are not validated as causal mediators of individual-level mortality, and movement on the clock surrogate does not, in current evidence, predict downstream hard-endpoint benefit for an individual recipient of an intervention designed to reduce clock-measured biological age.

"Formula Bottle," artifact record, Mackinac State Historic Parks.

Royle, Orianna Rosa. 'How did Bryan Johnson make his money?' Fortune, 1 February 2023, 7:56am ET.

Julie Walsh, Joanna Stephens and the Stone: Credibility Economy in the History of Medicine, Perspectives in Biology and Medicine 66, no. 2 (2023): 267-283. PMID: 37755716. DOI: 10.1353/pbm.2023.0014.

U.S. Attorney's Office, Southern District of Florida, U.S. Department of Justice. Leaders of Genesis II Church of Health and Healing, Who Sold Toxic Bleach As Fake Miracle Cure For COVID-19 and Other Serious Diseases, Sentenced To More Than 12 Years In Federal Prison. Press release, 6 October 2023.

Thomas J. Wheeler, Response to The untold saga of chromotherapy in dentistry, Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care 12, no. 2 (February 2023): 417-418, doi:10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_2479_22.

'Sylvester Graham - Timeline.' National Health Association. Published 13 December 2023 (last modified 17 February 2026).

U.S. Food and Drug Administration. 'Tesla BioHealing, Inc. MARCS-CMS 658010 — August 10, 2023.' Webpage facsimile captured by Methuselah Archive, July 24, 2026.

Callea, Linda C. "History." The Kilmer Building (Binghamton, N.Y.). Site footer: "The Kilmer Building © 2023 All rights Reserved."

Madella L. 'The More the Years the Less the Food: Alvise Cornaro on The Sober Life (1558).' In: Guidi S, Braga J, eds. The Quantification of Life and Health from the Sixteenth to the Nineteenth Century: Intersection of Medicine and Philosophy. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan; 2023:62-78. doi:10.1007/978-3-031-15725-7_2.

U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Division of Medical Device and Radiological Health Operations East, Warning Letter to James Zhou Liu, CEO, Tesla BioHealing, Inc., MARCS-CMS 658010, August 10, 2023.

Tom Garris, WTAE (Pittsburgh's Action News 4), 'What is Tesla BioHealing? Inside the Butler 'medbed' center,' updated March 7, 2023.

Brenner, Charles. A Science-Based Review of the World's Best-Selling Book on Aging. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics, 26 September 2022 (published in final edited form).

Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center. "Coral Calcium." About Herbs, Botanicals & Other Products database. Last updated 5 January 2022.

"Dr. Kilmer's Medicine Bottle." U.S. National Park Service, published Oct. 1, 2022.

Cancer Research UK. "Essiac." About Cancer: Complementary and Alternative Therapies. Last reviewed 26 September 2022. https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/treatment/complementary-alternative-therapies/individual-therapies/essiac

Zarzo I, Boselli PM, Soriano JM. 'History of Slimming Diets up to the Late 1950s.' Obesities. 2022;2(2):115-126. doi:10.3390/obesities2020011.

Dansville Area Historical Society. "James C. Jackson" (March 28, 1811 - July 11, 1895). dansvilleareahistoricalsociety.org/james-c-jackson/.

Smith PC. John R. Brinkley: A Quintessential American Quack. J Community Hosp Intern Med Perspect. 2022;12(5):1-5. PMID: 36262496. PMCID: PMC9529641. doi:10.55729/2000-9666.1095.

PDQ Integrative, Alternative, and Complementary Therapies Editorial Board. Laetrile/Amygdalin (PDQ) - Health Professional Version. National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health. Last updated 14 June 2022.

Grennan, Rory. "Norman Baker and The Naked Truth." Illuminations (Florida State University Special Collections & Archives blog). 1 June 2022 (updated 26 August 2024). https://fsuspecialcollections.wordpress.com/2022/06/01/norman-baker-and-the-naked-truth/.

Bracebridge Library. 'Rene Caisse at Her Desk.' Local History collection, image uploaded November 2022; accessed 19 August 2026.

Carl Robert Keyes, Adverts 250 Project, tag: "turlingtons-balsam-of-life," post dated 17 February 2022 (discussing the Pennsylvania Packet advertisement of 17 February 1772).

Frank GA, Knopov MS. '[Academician A.A. Bogomolets. Life dedicated to science. On the occasion of the 140th anniversary of his birth].' *Arkhiv Patologii* 2021;83(3):65-68. Russian. PMID 33822557.

Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center. "Amygdalin." About Herbs, Botanicals & Other Products monograph. Last updated 7 July 2021.

Conceptuel, Robbie. Clinique La Prairie Montreux photographed by Robbie Conceptuel. 2 October 2021. Wikimedia Commons, CC0 public-domain dedication.

Lifson, Amy. "Dr. Kilmer's Curious Cure-All." Humanities 42, no. 2 (Spring 2021). National Endowment for the Humanities.

Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center. "Essiac." About Herbs, Botanicals & Other Products. Last updated 25 February 2021. https://www.mskcc.org/cancer-care/integrative-medicine/herbs/essiac

Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center. "Hoxsey Herbal Therapy." About Herbs, Botanicals & Other Products. Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center. Last updated 19 February 2021. https://www.mskcc.org/cancer-care/integrative-medicine/herbs/hoxsey-herbal-therapy.

Mugglestone, Lynda. 'Let's buy: Some Cordial Balm of Gilead.' Guest post, John Johnson Collection blog, Bodleian Libraries, University of Oxford, 3 February 2021.

Johnson, Bryan. 'Project Blueprint.' bryanjohnson.com, 13 October 2021.

Rebelo, R. v [2021] EWCA Crim 306, Court of Appeal (Criminal Division), 8 March 2021, published by The National Archives, Find Case Law, https://caselaw.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ewca/crim/2021/306

White A. The Grape Cure. Wellcome Collection. 16 November 2021.

Hansson N, Krischel M, Södersten P, Moll FH, Fangerau H. 'He Gave Us the Cornerstone of Sexual Medicine': A Nobel Plan but No Nobel Prize for Eugen Steinach. Urol Int. 2020;104(7-8):501-509. doi: 10.1159/000506235. Epub 2020 Mar 13. PMID: 32172253. PMCID: PMC7592645.

Ray, Katriece. 'Bryan Johnson kernel flow.jpg.' Photograph, 1 October 2020. Wikimedia Commons. CC BY-SA 3.0.

Editor5627. 'David Sinclair.jpg.' Wikimedia Commons, 19 March 2020. CC BY-SA 4.0.

Benmoussa N, Charlier P, Rebibo J-D. Historical Vignette: Attempted treatment of Sigmund Freud's oral squamous cell carcinoma by vasectomy (Steinach Operation) in 1923. Andrology. 2020 May;8(3):688-690. doi: 10.1111/andr.12729. Epub 2019 Nov 29. PMID: 31705580.

Cantley L, Yun J. Intravenous High-Dose Vitamin C in Cancer Therapy. Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, 24 January 2020.

Whipple J, R v Bernard Rebelo, sentencing remarks, Central Criminal Court, 11 March 2020, published by the Judiciary of England and Wales, https://www.judiciary.uk/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/r-v-rebelo-sentencing-remarks.pdf

Thompson RL, Summerbell CD, Hooper L, Higgins JPT, Little PS, Talbot D, Ebrahim S. Self-help and self-promotion -- dietary advice and agency in North America and Britain. In: Jackson M, Moore MD, eds. Balancing the Self: Medicine, Politics and the Regulation of Health in the Twentieth Century. Manchester: Manchester University Press; 2020. (NCBI Bookshelf NBK555707.)

Ungurianu A, Margina D, Borsa C, Ionescu C, von Scheven G, et al. 'The Radioprotective Effect of Procaine and Procaine-Derived Product Gerovital H3 in Lymphocytes from Young and Aged Individuals.' *Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity* 2020;2020:3580934. PMID 32685092. doi:10.1155/2020/3580934.

Armocida, Emanuele; Martini, Mariano. "Tuberculosis: a timeless challenge for medicine." Journal of Preventive Medicine and Hygiene 61, no. 2 (2020): E143-E147. PMID: 32802997. PMCID: PMC7419119.

U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research. Warning Letter to Mark Grenon, Joseph Grenon, Jordan Grenon, and Jim Humble (Genesis 2 Church), MARCS-CMS 606459. 8 April 2020.

Taylor, Marisa. A Fountain Of Youth Pill? Sure, If You're A Mouse. KFF Health News, 11 February 2019.

Haridas, Rajesh P., and Peter J. Stanbury. A Brief Account of Mr Valentine Greatraks. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 47, no. 3_suppl (September 2019): 44-45. doi:10.1177/0310057X19854451.

Vernon G. 'Alexis Carrel: father of transplant surgery and supporter of eugenics.' Br J Gen Pract. 2019 Jul;69(684):352. doi:10.3399/bjgp19X704441. PMID 31249090. PMC6592355.

U.S. Food and Drug Administration. "Danger: Don't Drink Miracle Mineral Solution or Similar Products." FDA Consumer Updates. Content current as of 12 August 2019.

Megan Tatum, DNP: the dangerous diet pill pharmacists should know about, The Pharmaceutical Journal (Royal Pharmaceutical Society), 13 June 2019, https://pharmaceutical-journal.com/article/feature/dnp-the-dangerous-diet-pill-pharmacists-should-know-about

Czeranko, Sussanna. Father Sebastian Kneipp (1821-1897). Integrative Medicine: A Clinician's Journal. 2019;18(4):24. PMID: 32549826. PMCID: PMC7219453.

U.S. Food and Drug Administration. 'Important Information about Young Donor Plasma Infusions for Profit.' FDA Safety Communication, 19 February 2019.

Lupus in Saxonia. Kleiderbügel - Dr. Heinrich Lahmanns Sanatorium - Weisser Hirsch 1929 - Dresden Bild 001.jpg. Wikimedia Commons, photographed 2019-03-15.

Sinclair, David A. (with Matthew D. LaPlante). Lifespan: Why We Age—and Why We Don't Have To. New York: Atria Books, 10 September 2019. ISBN 978-1-5011-9197-8.

Czeranko S. Louis Kuhne (1835-1901). Integr Med (Encinitas). 2019 Jun;18(3):47. PMID: 32549812. PMCID: PMC7217383.

Thomas Morris, The extraction of the excruciating bladder stones, Wellcome Collection Stories, 19 September 2019.

Soth, Amelia. 'The Prince of Quacks (and How He Captivated London).' *JSTOR Daily*, 30 May 2019.

Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Toxicological Profile for Dinitrophenols, 2019, https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp64.pdf (see also NCBI Bookshelf edition, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK590059/)

Czeranko S. Vincent Priessnitz (1799-1851). Integr Med (Encinitas). 2019 Aug;18(4):25. PMID: 32549827. PMCID: PMC7219461.

Labby, Bryan. "'Miracle' tonic event in Calgary prompts probe by Health Canada." CBC News, 6 April 2018.

Tiwari KK, Shaik R, Aparna B, Brundavanam R. A Comparative Study on the Effects of Vintage Nonpharmacological Techniques in Reducing Myopia (Bates Eye Exercise Therapy vs. Trataka Yoga Kriya). International Journal of Yoga. 2018;11(1):72-76. doi:10.4103/ijoy.IJOY_59_16. PMID 29343934.

Mathias M. 'Autointoxication and historical precursors of the microbiome-gut-brain axis.' *Microbial Ecology in Health and Disease* 2018;29(2):1548249. doi:10.1080/16512235.2018.1548249. PubMed: 30510497.

Otis, Dan. 'Dr. Wilhelm Reich - Orgone But Not Forgotten', Down East Magazine, January 19, 2018. https://downeast.com/history/orgone-but-not-forgotten/ (byline 'By Dan Otis' and datePublished '2018-01-19T21:21:42+00:00' confirmed directly from the fetched page's byline and schema.org metadata).

Carlson, Peter. "Dudley LeBlanc, the Hadacol Huckster." HistoryNet, February 9, 2018 (last updated February 12, 2019).

'Gerovital', photograph of a Gerovital H3 injectable-solution carton, by Wikimedia Commons user StormBringer, 2018. CC BY-SA 4.0.

Das A, Huang GX, Bonkowski MS, Longchamp A, Li C, Schultz MB, Kim LJ, Osborne B, Joshi S, Lu Y, Treviño-Villarreal JH, Kang MJ, Hung TT, Lee B, Williams EO, Igarashi M, Mitchell JR, Wu LE, Turner N, Arany Z, Guarente L, Sinclair DA. Impairment of an Endothelial NAD+-H2S Signaling Network Is a Reversible Cause of Vascular Aging. Cell. 2018;173(1):74-89.e20. DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2018.02.008. PMID: 29570999.

Pegg, Anthony E. 'Introduction to the Thematic Minireview Series: Sixty plus years of polyamine research.' *Journal of Biological Chemistry* 2018;293(48):18681-18692. PMID 30377254. doi:10.1074/jbc.TM118.006291.

Stark JF. 'Replace them by Salads and Vegetables': Dietary Innovation, Youthfulness, and Authority, 1900-1939. Global Food History. 2018;4(2):130-151. doi:10.1080/20549547.2018.1460538. PMID 31565237; PMCID PMC6743713.

The Library Company of Philadelphia. Shareholder Spotlight: William Swaim. librarycompany.org, 30 October 2018.

Gisclair, S. Derby. "The Last Great Medicine Show." 64 Parishes, May 31, 2018 (last updated November 2, 2020).

Shisma. Apricot kernel in bowl. Photograph, 13 July 2017. Wikimedia Commons. CC0 1.0 Universal Public Domain Dedication.

Schwarcz, Joe. "Can Krebiozen Treat Cancer?" McGill University Office for Science and Society. 20 March 2017. https://www.mcgill.ca/oss/article/quackery/can-krebiozen-treat-cancer

Sharfstein J. "Déjà Vu at the FDA." Milbank Quarterly. 2017 Jun;95(2):245–248. PMID 28378412. DOI 10.1111/1468-0009.12252. PMC 5461398.

'Graphic battles in pharmacy.' Wellcome Collection, Stories (Pharmagraphics series), 2 November 2017.

Brock, William H. 'LEMCO: The Meat Industry's Colossus in Fray Bentos, Uruguay.' Ambix 64, no. 3 (2017): 293–321. DOI 10.1080/00026980.2017.1385905.

'Radam, William.' Library of Congress Name Authority File (LCNAF), record no2017126365. Library of Congress. Authority record created 2017-09-28 by the Chemical Heritage Foundation (Othmer Library of Chemical History); ISNI 0000000498686038.

Sebastien Point, "The Danger of Chromotherapy," Skeptical Inquirer 41, no. 4 (July/August 2017): 50-53.

Schwarcz, Joe. "The Hoxsey Hoax." McGill University Office for Science and Society. 10 April 2017. https://www.mcgill.ca/oss/article/quackery/hoxsey-hoax.

Mackintosh, Alan. 'The Patent Medicines Industry in late Georgian England: A Respectable Alternative to both Regular Medicine and Irregular Practice.' Social History of Medicine, vol. 30, no. 1 (2017), pp. 22-47. DOI 10.1093/shm/hkw054. ISSN 0951-631X. Open-access accepted version, White Rose Research Online eprint 98462.

National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID). Apheresis Machine. Photograph, 13 June 2016. Wikimedia Commons / Flickr. CC BY 2.0.

Heggie, Vanessa. 'Bodies, Sport and Science in the Nineteenth Century.' Past Present 231, no. 1 (2016): 169–200. PMID 29706669. DOI 10.1093/pastj/gtw004.

Mannes, John. 'Bryan Johnson invests $100 million in Kernel to unlock the power of the human brain.' TechCrunch, 20 October 2016.

Dansville Public Library. "Castle on the Hill." Local history page, dansville.lib.ny.us, archived by the Wayback Machine 25 December 2016: web.archive.org/web/20161225040937/http://www.dansville.lib.ny.us/clara.html and, for the parallel institutional-history page, web.archive.org/web/20140331204134/http://dansville.lib.ny.us/historyo.html.

Dansville Public Library. "Clara Barton in Dansville." Local history page, dansville.lib.ny.us, archived by the Wayback Machine 25 December 2016: web.archive.org/web/20161225040937/http://www.dansville.lib.ny.us/clara.html.

Bybbisch94; Christian Gebhardt. Lahmann-Sanatorium; Dr.Lahmann-Park 010.JPG. Wikimedia Commons, photographed 2016-01-31.

Photograph by Sam LaRussa, 2016, of a Radithor bottle (circa 1928) held by the National Museum of Nuclear Science and History, Albuquerque. Licensed CC BY-SA 2.0. Via Wikimedia Commons.

Ko, Youkyung. Sebastian Kneipp and the Natural Cure Movement of Germany: Between Naturalism and Modern Medicine. Uisahak (Korean Journal of Medical History). 2016 Dec;25(3):557-590. DOI: 10.13081/kjmh.2016.25.557. PMID: 28529304.

Ross, Brian, and Lisa Bartley. "Shameless: The High Priests of Snake Oil Offer Miracle Cures." ABC News, 28 October 2016.

Olive Jones and Allen Vegotsky, "Turlington's Balsam of Life," Northeast Historical Archaeology, Vol. 45 (2016), Article 1.

United States v. Trudeau, 822 F.3d 825 (7th Cir. 2016), No. 14-1869, decided 5 February 2016.

Aune D, Keum N, Giovannucci E, Fadnes LT, Boffetta P, Greenwood DC, Tonstad S, Vatten LJ, Riboli E, Norat T. 'Whole grain consumption and risk of cardiovascular disease, cancer, and all cause and cause specific mortality: systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective studies.' BMJ. 2016;353:i2716. doi:10.1136/bmj.i2716. PMID 27301975.

Knapp, Alex. 'Braintree Founder Unveils Open Source Playbook For Science Investors.' Forbes, 15 September 2015.

"Heinrich Lahmann." Stadtwiki Dresden. Page last modified 1 February 2015.

Weber P. How the vitamin-industrial complex swindled America. The Week, last updated 8 January 2015.

Federal Office of Public Health and Swissmedic. 'Massnahmen gegen illegale Therapieangebote mit Frischzellen und nicht zugelassenen Frischzellenpräparaten' [Measures against illegal fresh-cell therapy offers and unauthorized fresh-cell preparations]. Swissmedic Journal. 2015;03:188-193.

Lindberg, Bo S. 'Proceedings of the Upsala Medical Society: How it all started 150 years ago.' Ups J Med Sci 120, no. 2 (2015): 65–71. PMID 25913577. DOI 10.3109/03009734.2015.1027430.

Hemmingson, Grace; Lynch, Scottie; Mason, Nancy Fowlkes; and Ewing, E. Thomas. 'Radam's Microbe Killer: Advertising Cures for Tuberculosis.' Circulating Now (US National Library of Medicine, History of Medicine Division), October 9, 2015.

Haynes AR. Riotous Flesh: Women, Physiology, and the Solitary Vice in Nineteenth-Century America. Chicago: University of Chicago Press; 2015. ISBN 978-0-226-28459-0.

NBC 5 Investigates. State Takes Action Against Miracle Treatment For Children. NBC Chicago, 24 June 2015.

Berdan, Katherine. "The House on The Hill: A Spatial Study of Visitors to the Jackson Sanatorium, 1858-1914." PAST: Pioneer America Society Journal 38 (2015).

Carstairs C. Look Younger, Live Longer -- Ageing Beautifully with Gayelord Hauser in America, 1920-1975. Gender & History. 2014;26(2):332-350. doi:10.1111/1468-0424.12072.

Stark, James F. "'Recharge My Exhausted Batteries': Overbeck's Rejuvenator, Patenting, and Public Medical Consumers, 1924-37." Medical History 58, no. 4 (2014): 498-518. doi:10.1017/mdh.2014.50. PMID 25284892. PMC4176268.

Mary K. Engle, Associate Director, Division of Advertising Practices, Federal Trade Commission, Closing Letter to Dr. James Liu, DrNaturalHealing, Inc., Re: AsthmaCare Kit, FTC File No. 142-3102, September 3, 2014.

Lightfoot, Helen L; Hall, Jonathan. 'Endogenous polyamine function--the RNA perspective.' *Nucleic Acids Research* 2014;42(18):11275-11290. PMID 25232095. doi:10.1093/nar/gku837.

congerdesign (original creator); Qirille (uploader). 'Bottle and glass of red wine.jpg.' Wikimedia Commons, created 22 November 2014, uploaded 22 June 2018. CC0 1.0 Universal Public Domain Dedication.

U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Hoxsey Cancer Clinic Bottle. Photograph. FDA Flickr (FDA History set), uploaded 12 June 2014. Wikimedia Commons. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Hoxsey_Cancer_Clinic_Bottle_(33304994272).jpg.

Hempel, Sandra. John St John Long: quackery and manslaughter. The Lancet 383(9928): 1540-1541, 3 May 2014. PMID: 24800298. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(14)60737-6.

Ridge, S. Review of The Miraculous Conformist: Valentine Greatrakes, the Body Politic, and the Politics of Healing in Restoration Britain, by Peter Elmer. Social History of Medicine 27, no. 1 (February 2014): 169-171. doi:10.1093/shm/hkt096.

Wellcome Collection. 'Slippery Elm Bark.' Archives & Manuscripts SA/NBT/S.4/10, image L0040376. Digital image available under CC BY 4.0; online by 2014.

Daderot (photographer), Spectro-Chrome, c. 1925, Dinshah-Attuned Color Waves-Semaphore, Spectro-Chrome Institute, Malaga, New Jersey - Museum of Science and Industry (Chicago) - DSC06704.JPG, photographed 2014-08-22, Wikimedia Commons.

Lovejoy B. The Doctor Who Starved Her Patients to Death. Smithsonian Magazine. 2014 Oct 28. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/doctor-who-starved-her-patients-death-180953158/

Matthew Lavine, "The Science of Automatic Precision," Historical Studies in the Natural Sciences 44, no. 2 (April 2014): 140-177, University of California Press.

U.S. Attorney's Office, Northern District of Illinois. "Weight-Loss Infomercial Pitch-Man Kevin Trudeau Sentenced To 10 Years In Prison For Criminal Contempt." Press release, U.S. Department of Justice, 17 March 2014 (dateline "Monday, March 17, 2014").

Popat R, Plesner T, Davies F, Cook G, Cook M, Elliott P, Jacobson E, Gumbleton T, Oakervee H, Cavenagh J. A phase 2 study of SRT501 (resveratrol) with bortezomib for patients with relapsed and/or refractory multiple myeloma. Br J Haematol. 2013;160(5):714-717. DOI: 10.1111/bjh.12154.

Gomes AP, Price NL, Ling AJ, Moslehi JJ, Montgomery MK, Rajman L, White JP, Teodoro JS, Wrann CD, Hubbard BP, Mercken EM, Palmeira CM, de Cabo R, Rolo AP, Turner N, Bell EL, Sinclair DA. Declining NAD+ Induces a Pseudohypoxic State Disrupting Nuclear-Mitochondrial Communication during Aging. Cell. 2013;155(7):1624-1638. DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2013.11.037. PMID: 24360282.

TechCrunch. 'eBay's PayPal Acquires Payments Gateway Braintree For $800M In Cash.' 26 September 2013.

GlaxoSmithKline to close Sirtris unit in Cambridge. The Boston Globe, 12 March 2013.

Bested AC, Logan AC, Selhub EM. 'Intestinal microbiota, probiotics and mental health: from Metchnikoff to modern advances: Part I - autointoxication revisited.' *Gut Pathogens* 2013;5(1):5. doi:10.1186/1757-4749-5-5. PubMed: 23506618.

Jonathan Charles Goddard, Joanna Stephens's Cure for Bladder Stones, History of Urology column, Urology News (British Association of Urological Surgeons), Sep/Oct 2013 issue; archived as item 12 in the BAUS Virtual Museum of the History of Urology.

Mackowiak PA. 'Recycling Metchnikoff: probiotics, the intestinal microbiome and the quest for long life.' *Frontiers in Public Health* 2013;1:52. doi:10.3389/fpubh.2013.00052. PubMed: 24350221.

Zimmerman JW, Jimenez H, Pennison MJ, Brezovich I, Morgan D, Mudry A, Costa FP, Barbault A, Pasche B. 'Targeted treatment of cancer with radiofrequency electromagnetic fields amplitude-modulated at tumor-specific frequencies.' Chinese Journal of Cancer. 2013 Nov;32(11):573-581. doi:10.5732/cjc.013.10177. PMCID PMC3845545.

Chantal Stebbings, Tax and Quacks: The Policy of the Eighteenth Century Medicine Stamp Duty, in John Tiley, ed., Studies in the History of Tax Law, Volume 6 (Oxford: Hart Publishing, 2013), Chapter 8. Republished as NCBI Bookshelf record NBK293691.

Beer AM, Uehleke B, Wiebelitz KR. The History of Inpatient Care in German Departments Focussing on Natural Healing. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 2013;2013:521879. doi:10.1155/2013/521879. PMID 23737834. PMCID PMC3667466.

Perls TT. 'The Reappearance of Procaine Hydrochloride (Gerovital H3) for Antiaging.' *Journal of the American Geriatrics Society* 2013;61(6):1024-1025. PMID 23772727. doi:10.1111/jgs.12278.

Hemilä H, Chalker E. Vitamin C for preventing and treating the common cold. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;(1):CD000980. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD000980.pub4. PMID: 23440782.

International Agency for Research on Cancer. Arsenic and inorganic arsenic compounds. IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, Volume 100C. Lyon: IARC (World Health Organization); 2012. Arsenic and inorganic arsenic compounds classified as carcinogenic to humans (Group 1).

Bleakley C, McDonough S, Gardner E, Baxter GD, Hopkins JT, Davison GW. Cold-water immersion (cryotherapy) for preventing and treating muscle soreness after exercise. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2012;2012(2):CD008262. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD008262.pub2. PMID: 22336838.

Darius Dinshah, Let There Be Light: Practical Manual for Spectro-Chrome Therapy, 11th ed. (Malaga, N.J.: Dinshah Health Society, November 2012), ISBN 0-933917-32-5.

Washington State Archives, Digital Archives. Linda Burfield Hazzard: Healer or Murderess? Olympia: Office of the Secretary of State. https://digitalarchives.wa.gov/Collections/TitleInfo/2508 (accessed 2026-06-11).

Gulpen (Wikimedia Commons contributor). Orgone Energy Accumulator (right-angle, closed). Photograph, 2012-07-10. Wikimedia Commons, File:Orgone Energy Accumulator (right-angle, closed).JPG. CC BY-SA 3.0.

Oscilloclast. Photograph by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA History Office), item FDA 143. Holding record: FDA History Office photostream, https://www.flickr.com/photos/fdaphotos/8225257144/. Public domain. Via Wikimedia Commons.

Photograph of a pathophysiology textbook by Alexander Bogomolets (1881-1946). Personal archive of Olga Bogomolets, MD, via Wikimedia Commons. CC0 (Creative Commons Zero, Public Domain Dedication).

Bajic P, Selman SH, Rees MA. Voronoff to virion: 1920s testis transplantation and AIDS. Xenotransplantation. 2012 Nov-Dec;19(6):337-41. PMID: 23094667. doi:10.1111/xen.12004.

Johann Grundlingh, Paul I. Dargan, Marwa El-Zanfaly, and David M. Wood, '2,4-Dinitrophenol (DNP): A Weight Loss Agent with Significant Acute Toxicity and Risk of Death,' Journal of Medical Toxicology 7(3) (2011): 205-212. PMID 21739343. doi:10.1007/s13181-011-0162-6

Smit HJ, Kemsley EK, Tapp HS, Henry CJK. 'Does prolonged chewing reduce food intake? Fletcherism revisited.' Appetite. 2011;57(1):295-298. doi:10.1016/j.appet.2011.02.003. PMID 21316411.

Mix LA, Cameron K. 'From Hahnemann's hand to your computer screen: building a digital homeopathy collection.' Journal of the Medical Library Association. 2011 Jan;99(1):51-56. doi:10.3163/1536-5050.99.1.009. PMID 21243055.

Milazzo S, Ernst E, Lejeune S, Boehm K, Horneber M. "Laetrile Treatment for Cancer." Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, no. 11 (9 November 2011): CD005476. PMID: 22071824. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD005476.pub3.

Podmore, Frank. 'Later French Commissions.' In *Mesmerism and Christian Science: A Short History of Mental Healing*, 103-121. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011 (Cambridge Library Collection; first published 1909). ISBN 9780511973215. DOI: 10.1017/cbo9780511973215.007.

Michael R. Wiederkehr and Orson W. Moe, Uric Acid Nephrolithiasis: A Systemic Metabolic Disorder, Clinical Reviews in Bone and Mineral Metabolism 9, nos. 3-4 (2011): 207-217. PMID: 25045326. DOI: 10.1007/s12018-011-9106-6.

Gackowski, Stanislaw (Soeb). Ascorbic acid structure.svg. Wikimedia Commons, public domain.

Library of Congress. "Austin, Harriet N." Name Authority File record n86035280. id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n86035280.html.

Sha, Richard C. Review of *Doctor of love: James Graham and his celestial bed*, by Lydia Syson. *Medical History* 54(1): 138-139, January 2010. PMCID: PMC2793165.

Federal Trade Commission v. Trudeau, 708 F. Supp. 2d 711 (N.D. Ill. 2010), No. 03 C 3904, Judge Robert W. Gettleman, decided 16 April 2010.

Wolff E, editor. Lebendige Kraft: Max Bircher-Benner und sein Sanatorium im historischen Kontext. Im Auftrag des Schweizerischen Nationalmuseums. Baden: Hier + Jetzt, Verlag für Kultur und Geschichte; 2010. ISBN 978-3-03919-163-5.

Linus Pauling Institute of Science and Medicine Records, 1901-2010. Finding aid. Oregon State University Libraries Special Collections and Archives Research Center, via Archives West (Orbis Cascade Alliance).

Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU) Health Physics Historical Instrumentation Museum. 'Radithor (ca. 1928).' Curated archival entry with radiometric measurements of an original Radithor bottle, biographical and commercial-history summary, and FTC documentary record. Available at https://www.orau.org/health-physics-museum/collection/radioactive-quack-cures/pills-potions-and-other-miscellany/radithor.html

Pacholec M, Bleasdale JE, Chrunyk B, Cunningham D, Flynn D, Garofalo RS, Griffith D, Griffor M, Loulakis P, Pabst B, Qiu X, Stockman B, Thanabal V, Varghese A, Ward J, Withka J, Ahn K. SRT1720, SRT2183, SRT1460, and Resveratrol Are Not Direct Activators of SIRT1. J Biol Chem. 2010;285(11):8340-8351. DOI: 10.1074/jbc.M109.088682.

Whorton JC. The Arsenic Century: How Victorian Britain Was Poisoned at Home, Work, and Play. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2010. ISBN 978-0-19-957470-4.

Mononomic. Apheresis (diagram). 2009. Wikimedia Commons. CC BY-SA 3.0.

Library of Congress Name Authority File. Brandt, Johanna, 1876-1964. http://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n88164301.

Federal Trade Commission v. Trudeau, 579 F.3d 754 (7th Cir. 2009), No. 08-4249, decided 27 August 2009, appeal from N.D. Ill. No. 03-C-3904.

Lincecom, Jerry. "Hoxsey, Harry M." Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association. Published 27 January 2009. Accessed 11 July 2026. https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/entries/hoxsey-harry-m.

Marland, Hilary, and Jane Adams. Hydropathy at Home: The Water Cure and Domestic Healing in Mid-Nineteenth-Century Britain. Bulletin of the History of Medicine 83, no. 3 (2009): 499-529. doi:10.1353/bhm.0.0251. PMID: 19801794.

Murphy, David. 'Long, John St John.' Dictionary of Irish Biography. Royal Irish Academy, published online 1 October 2009. DOI: 10.3318/dib.004881.v1.

Sivan, Gabriel A. 'Samuel Solomon (1745-1819): quack or entrepreneur?' Jewish Historical Studies (Transactions of the Jewish Historical Society of England), vol. 42 (2009), pp. 23-51.

Ullman, Dana. The Curious Case of Charles Darwin and Homeopathy. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 7, no. 1 (March 2010): 33-39; published online 29 October 2009. doi:10.1093/ecam/nep168. PMID: 19875430.

Brock, Pope. Charlatan: America's Most Dangerous Huckster, the Man Who Pursued Him, and the Age of Flimflam. New York: Crown Publishers, 2008. ISBN 9780307339881.

Syson, Lydia. *Doctor of Love: James Graham and His Celestial Bed*. Richmond, Surrey: Alma Books, 2008. 331 pp. ISBN 978-1-84688-054-4.

Pollack, Andrew. Glaxo Says Compound in Wine May Fight Aging. The New York Times, 23 April 2008.

GSK moves on Sirtris. Nature Biotechnology, 2 June 2008.

Eric Colman, Dinitrophenol and obesity: an early twentieth-century regulatory dilemma, Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology 48(2) (2007): 115-117. PMID 17475379. doi:10.1016/j.yrtph.2007.03.006

"File:Kevin Trudeau.JPG." Wikimedia Commons. Photograph by Wikipedia user RailbirdJAM, uploaded to English Wikipedia 22 June 2007, transferred to Commons by BotMultichill 12 March 2009.

Rohde J. Hungern und Diät nach dem Vinzenz Prießnitz'schen Familien-Wasserbuch von 1847 [Starvation and diet according to the Vinzenz Priessnitz family water book of 1847]. Forsch Komplementmed. 2007;14(1):33-38. DOI: 10.1159/000097805. PMID: 17341885.

McLaren, Angus. Impotence: A Cultural History. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2007. ISBN 978-0-226-50076-8.

Seely D, Kennedy DA, Myers SP, Cheras PA, Lin D, Li R, Cattley T, Brent PA, Mills E, Leonard BJ. In vitro analysis of the herbal compound Essiac. Anticancer Res. 2007 Nov-Dec;27(6B):3875-82. PMID 18225545.

Miller NL, Fulmer BR. Injection, ligation and transplantation: the search for the glandular fountain of youth. J Urol. 2007 Jun;177(6):2000-5. PMID: 17509279. doi:10.1016/j.juro.2007.01.135.

Milazzo S, Lejeune S, Ernst E. Laetrile for Cancer: A Systematic Review of the Clinical Evidence. Supportive Care in Cancer 15, no. 6 (June 2007): 583-595. PMID: 17106659. DOI: 10.1007/s00520-006-0168-9.

Brown, Michael. 'Medicine, Quackery and the Free Market: The "War" Against Morison's Pills and the Construction of the Medical Profession, c.1830-c.1850.' In Medicine and the Market in England and its Colonies, c.1450-1850, edited by M.S.R. Jenner and P. Wallis, 238-261. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007.

Poehl and sons' pharmacy house, 7th Line of Vasilyevsky Island, Saint Petersburg, photographed 22 October 2007. Wikimedia Commons, File:Poehl's drugstore in Saint Petersburg.JPG. Public domain.

Sullivan, Jack. The Peruna Story: Strumming That Old Catarrh. Bottles and Extras (Federation of Historical Bottle Collectors), May-June 2007, pp. 28-31.

Loudon I. 'A brief history of homeopathy.' Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. 2006 Dec;99(12):607-610. doi:10.1177/014107680609901206. PMID 17139061.

Leonard BJ, Kennedy DA, Cheng FC, Chang KK, Seely D, Mills E. An in vivo analysis of the herbal compound essiac. Anticancer Res. 2006 Jul-Aug;26(4B):3057-63. PMID 16886634.

Wootton, David. *Bad Medicine: Doctors Doing Harm Since Hippocrates*. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 2006. xv + 304 pp. ISBN 0-19-280355-7.

Edgar181. Creatine2.png, chemical structure of creatine. English Wikipedia / Wikimedia Commons, 3 February 2006. Public domain.

Kulp KS, Montgomery JL, Nelson DO, Cutter B, Latham ER, Shattuck DL, Klotz DM, Bennett LM. Essiac and Flor-Essence herbal tonics stimulate the in vitro growth of human breast cancer cells. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2006;98(3):249-259. doi:10.1007/s10549-005-9156-x.

Beck K. Hazzard, Linda Burfield (1867-1938). HistoryLink.org Essay 7955. 2006 Oct 26. https://www.historylink.org/File/7955

Naragon, Steve. 'Hufeland, Christoph Wilhelm Friedrich (1762-1836).' Kant in the Classroom, Manchester University. Copyright 2006, last modified 11 July 2010. https://users.manchester.edu/facstaff/ssnaragon/kant/bio/FullBio/HufelandCWF.html

Stolberg M. 'Inventing the randomized double-blind trial: the Nuremberg salt test of 1835.' Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. 2006 Dec;99(12):642-643. doi:10.1177/014107680609901216. PMID 17139070.

Robert Flogaus-Faust. Red sorrel (Rumex acetosella), Hesse, Germany, 7 May 2006. Wikimedia Commons file 'Rumex acetosella RF.jpg'. CC BY 4.0.

Sengoopta, Chandak. The Most Secret Quintessence of Life: Sex, Glands, and Hormones, 1850-1950. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 2006. 360 pp.

Zick SM, Sen A, Feng Y, Green J, Olatunde S, Boon H. Trial of Essiac to ascertain its effect in women with breast cancer (TEA-BC). J Altern Complement Med. 2006 Dec;12(10):971-80. doi:10.1089/acm.2006.12.971. PMID 17212569.

Trudeau v. Federal Trade Commission, 456 F.3d 178 (D.C. Cir. 2006), decided 2006.

Warner, Melanie. "After Jail and More, Salesman Scores Big With Cure-All Book." The New York Times, 28 August 2005.

Shang A, Huwiler-Müntener K, Nartey L, Jüni P, Dörig S, Sterne JAC, et al. 'Are the clinical effects of homoeopathy placebo effects? Comparative study of placebo-controlled trials of homoeopathy and allopathy.' The Lancet. 2005 Aug 27;366(9487):726-732. PMID 16125589.

National Institutes of Health. Epigenetic mechanisms. 2005. Wikimedia Commons. Public domain, United States government work.

Elston DM. Escharotic agents, Fred Mohs, and Harry Hoxsey. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2005;53(3):523-525. DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2005.04.091. PMID: 16112367.

Bellavite P, Conforti A, Piasere V, Ortolani R. 'Immunology and homeopathy. 1. Historical background.' Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 2005 Dec;2(4):441-452. doi:10.1093/ecam/neh141. PMID 16322800.

Moss RW. Patient perspectives: Tijuana cancer clinics in the post-NAFTA era. Integrative Cancer Therapies. 2005;4(1):65-86. PMID: 15695477.

Photograph by Wikimedia Commons contributor "Deepestbluesea," "Three early medicine bottles," uploaded 27 July 2005, transferred from English Wikipedia to Wikimedia Commons.

TheSmokingGun.com staff. "Would You Buy A Used Cure From This Man?" TheSmokingGun.com, 26 August 2005.

Ivey, Donna M. Clinic of Hope: The Story of Rene Caisse and Essiac. Toronto: Dundurn, 2004. ISBN 978-1-55002-520-0.

Elmer, Peter. Greatrakes, Valentine [nicknamed the Stroker] (1629-1683), faith healer. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press, 23 September 2004. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/11367.

Federal Trade Commission. "Kevin Trudeau Banned from Infomercials." (Subheading: Trudeau Settles Claims in Connection with Coral Calcium Supreme and Biotape.) FTC.gov press release, 7 September 2004.

Trudeau, Kevin. Natural Cures "They" Don't Want You to Know About. Elk Grove Village, IL: Alliance Publishing Group, 1 August 2004. ISBN 9780975599556.

Barnett, Daniel R. 'William Radam and the Microbe Killer: An Account of Classic Medical Quackery from the Heart of Texas.' The North Texas Skeptic 18, no. 1 (January 2004). Newsletter of the North Texas Skeptics. Cites Radam (1890) and James Harvey Young, The Toadstool Millionaires (1961) and The Medical Messiahs (1967).

Carpenter, Kenneth J. 'A short history of nutritional science: part 1 (1785-1885).' J Nutr 133, no. 3 (2003): 638–45. PMID 12612130. DOI 10.1093/jn/133.3.638.

Food Standards Agency (UK), Food Standards Agency issues urgent advice on consumption of fat burner capsules containing DNP, press release, June 2003, archived at https://web.archive.org/web/20101210124807/http://www.food.gov.uk/news/pressreleases/2003/jun/fatburnpress

Howitz KT, Bitterman KJ, Cohen HY, Lamming DW, Lavu S, Wood JG, Zipkin RE, Chung P, Kisielewski A, Zhang LL, Scherer B, Sinclair DA. Small molecule activators of sirtuins extend Saccharomyces cerevisiae lifespan. Nature. 2003;425:191-196. DOI: 10.1038/nature01960. PMID: 12939617.

McCalman, Iain. *The Last Alchemist: Count Cagliostro, Master of Magic in the Age of Reason.* New York: HarperCollins, 2003. ISBN 9780060006907 (hardcover); Harper Perennial paperback 2004, ISBN 9780060006914.

Dwoskin, Linda P., and Peter A. Crooks. A Novel Mechanism of Action and Potential Use for Lobeline as a Treatment for Psychostimulant Abuse. Biochemical Pharmacology 63, no. 2 (2002): 89-98. doi:10.1016/s0006-2952(01)00899-1. PMID: 11841781.

Cussons AJ, Bhagat CI, Fletcher SJ, Walsh JP. 'Brown-Séquard revisited: a lesson from history on the placebo effect of androgen treatment.' *Medical Journal of Australia* 2002;177(11-12):678-679. PubMed: 12463999.

PDQ Integrative, Alternative, and Complementary Therapies Editorial Board. Essiac/Flor Essence (PDQ(R)): Health Professional Version. PDQ Cancer Information Summaries. Bethesda (MD): National Cancer Institute (US); 2002- . NCBI Bookshelf accession NBK66061. PMID 26389495.

Juhnke, Eric S. Quacks and Crusaders: The Fabulous Careers of John Brinkley, Norman Baker, and Harry Hoxsey. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2002. ISBN 9780700612031.

Lee, R. Alton. The Bizarre Careers of John R. Brinkley. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 2002. ISBN 0813195942.

Flannery, Michael A. The Early Botanical Medical Movement as a Reflection of Life, Liberty, and Literacy in Jacksonian America. Journal of the Medical Library Association 90, no. 4 (2002): 442-454. PMID: 12398251. PMCID: PMC128961.

Basford JR. A historical perspective of the popular use of electric and magnetic therapy. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 82, no. 9 (September 2001): 1261-1269. doi:10.1053/apmr.2001.25905. PMID 11552201.

High Court of Judicature at Bombay (A. P. Shah and S. A. Bobde, JJ.). Electropathy Medicos Of India (Central Board) v. The State Of Maharashtra & Ors., Writ Petition No. 863 of 1988, decided 13 August 2001; reported at 2002(1) ALL MR 105.

"Ghadiali, Dinshah Pestanj (1873-1966)," Encyclopedia of Occultism and Parapsychology, 5th ed. (Gale Group, 2001), reproduced at Encyclopedia.com.

Wutzke KD, Heine WE, Köster D, Muscheites J, Mix M, Mohr C, Popp K, Wigger M. 'Metabolic effects of HAY's diet.' *Isotopes in Environmental and Health Studies* 2001;37(3):227-237. doi:10.1080/10256010108033298. PubMed: 11924853.

Barrett S. The Grape Cure. Quackwatch. Revised September 18, 2001. Archived at https://web.archive.org/web/20191010092657/https://www.quackwatch.org/01QuackeryRelatedTopics/Cancer/grape.html.

Whorton J. 'The solitary vice: The superstition that masturbation could cause mental illness.' West J Med. 2001;175(1):66-68. doi:10.1136/ewjm.175.1.66. PMID 11431412.

Whorton J. 'Civilisation and the colon: constipation as the "disease of diseases".' *BMJ* 2000;321(7276):1586-9. doi:10.1136/bmj.321.7276.1586. PubMed: 11124189.

Adamski, John. "Franklin Brandreth." Adirondack Life, August 2000. Courtesy reproduction fetched directly via Internet Archive Wayback Machine snapshot of jbadamsgallery.com/article-franklin.htm (captured December 3, 2008).

Federal Trade Commission. FTC Hits Internet Health Fraud in Continuation of Operation Cure.All: New Cases Target Deceptive Hi-Tech Marketing Techniques. Press release, April 5, 2000. https://www.ftc.gov/news-events/news/press-releases/2000/04/ftc-hits-internet-health-fraud-continuation-operation-cureall

American Cancer Society. Hoxsey Herbal Treatment. Guide to Complementary and Alternative Cancer Methods. American Cancer Society, 2000. Archived at https://web.archive.org/web/20080325053010/http://documents.cancer.org/6516.00/.

Tamayo C, Richardson MA, Diamond S, Skoda I. The chemistry and biological activity of herbs used in Flor-Essence herbal tonic and Essiac. Phytother Res. 2000 Feb;14(1):1-14. PMID 10641040.

University of Texas-Houston Health Science Center. "Hoxsey." Center for Alternative Medicine Research in Cancer. Last revision 4 May 1999. Archived at https://web.archive.org/web/20000304204820/www.sph.uth.tmc.edu/utcam/summary/hoxsey.htm.

Meyer-Renschhausen E, Wirz A. Dietetics, health reform and social order: vegetarianism as a moral physiology. The example of Maximilian Bircher-Benner (1867-1939). Medical History. 1999 Jul;43(3):323-341. doi:10.1017/s0025727300065388. PMID 10885127. PMCID PMC1044148.

Podolsky SH. 'Cultural divergence: Elie Metchnikoff's *Bacillus bulgaricus* therapy and his underlying concept of health.' *Bulletin of the History of Medicine* 1998;72(1):1-27. PubMed: 9553272.

Kaegi E; Task Force on Alternative Therapies of the Canadian Breast Cancer Research Initiative. Unconventional therapies for cancer: 1. Essiac. CMAJ. 1998 Apr 7;158(7):897-902. PMID 9559016; PMCID PMC1229186.

Ernst, E. 'Colonic Irrigation and the Theory of Autointoxication: A Triumph of Ignorance over Science.' *Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology* 1997;24(4):196-198. doi:10.1097/00004836-199706000-00002. PubMed: 9252839.

Christen AG, Christen JA. 'Horace Fletcher (1849-1919): The Great Masticator.' J Hist Dent. 1997;45(3):95-100. PMID 9693596.

Schultheiss D, Denil J, Jonas U. Rejuvenation in the early 20th century. Andrologia. 1997 Nov-Dec;29(6):351-5. doi: 10.1111/j.1439-0272.1997.tb00329.x. PMID: 9430441.

Schwartz, Stephen. "OBITUARY -- Ernst T. Krebs Jr." San Francisco Chronicle (via SFGate), 12 September 1996.

United Press International. "States settle suit against Trudeau." UPI Archives, 16 July 1996.

Wiedemann HR. 'Christoph Wilhelm Hufeland (1762-1836).' European Journal of Pediatrics. 1995 Dec;154(12):943. doi:10.1007/BF01958634. PMID: 8801099.

Christoph Wilhelm Hufeland. Portrait print reproduced in Klaus Guenzel, Die deutschen Romantiker, Artemis, Zurich, 1995. Wikimedia Commons file record, Public Domain Mark.

Sullivan-Fowler, M. 'Doubtful Theories, Drastic Therapies: Autointoxication and Faddism in the Late Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries.' *Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences* 1995;50(3):364-390. doi:10.1093/jhmas/50.3.364. PubMed: 7665877.

Finlay, M. R. 'Early marketing of the theory of nutrition: the science and culture of Liebig's extract of meat.' Clio Med 32 (1995): 48–74. PMID 9061236.

Burns, Chester R. 'Medical Quackery.' Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association. Original publication date May 1, 1995.

Lijesen GK, Theeuwen I, Assendelft WJ, Van Der Wal G. "The effect of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) in the treatment of obesity by means of the Simeons therapy: a criteria-based meta-analysis." British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1995;40(3):237-243. PMID: 8527285. PMCID: PMC1365103. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2125.1995.tb05779.x.

Rath MW, Pauling LC. Prevention and treatment of occlusive cardiovascular disease with ascorbate and substances that inhibit the binding of lipoprotein (a). US Patent 5,278,189 A. Filed 24 July 1990; granted 11 January 1994.

Cameron E, Pauling L. Cancer and Vitamin C. Philadelphia: Camino Books, 1993. ISBN 094015921X (revised/expanded edition of the 1979 original).

Library of Congress Name Authority File, "Stephens, Joanna, -1774," record no. nr93037137, citing De Coetlogon, D., Mrs. Stephen's Receipt for the Stone and Gravel (1739) and P. J. Wallis, Eighteenth Century Medics (1988).

Finlay, M. R. 'Quackery and cookery: Justus von Liebig's extract of meat and the theory of nutrition in the Victorian age.' Bull Hist Med 66, no. 3 (1992): 404–18. PMID 1392506.

Chen, Wai-Chuan. 'The Laboratory as Business: Sir Almroth Wright's Vaccine Programme and the Construction of Penicillin.' In *The Laboratory Revolution in Medicine*, edited by Andrew Cunningham and Perry Williams, 245 to 292. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1992. ISBN 0-521-40484-3.

Skopec M. [Vincent Priessnitz and the Vienna Medical School]. Wien Klin Wochenschr. 1991;103(16):506-508. Article in German. PMID: 1949807.

Cayleff, Susan E. Wash and Be Healed: The Water-Cure Movement and Women's Health. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1991 (first published 1987). ISBN 0877228590 / 9780877228592.

Ernst R. Weakness Is a Crime: The Life of Bernarr Macfadden. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press; 1991. ISBN 9780815625124 (LCCN 90038194).

Macklis, Roger M. 'Radithor and the Era of Mild Radium Therapy.' *Journal of the American Medical Association* (JAMA) 264:5 (1 August 1990), pp. 614-618. PubMed: 2195177.

Winslow, Ron. 'The Radium Water Worked Fine Until His Jaw Came Off.' *The Wall Street Journal*, 1 August 1990. Retrospective coverage of the 1925-1932 Radithor case occasioned by the publication of Macklis, *JAMA* 264:5 in the same week.

Ferry, A.P. ''Professor' Charles Tyrrell and His Ideal Sight Restorer.' *Ophthalmology* 1986;93(9):1246-1257. doi:10.1016/s0161-6420(86)33604-2. PubMed: 3543791.

Moertel CG, Fleming TR, Creagan ET, Rubin J, O'Connell MJ, Ames MM. High-dose vitamin C versus placebo in the treatment of patients with advanced cancer who have had no prior chemotherapy. A randomized double-blind comparison. N Engl J Med. 1985;312(3):137-141. PMID: 3880867.

Ward, P.S. "'Who will bell the cat?' Andrew C. Ivy and Krebiozen." Bulletin of the History of Medicine. 1984;58(1):28–52. PMID 6370345.

Lock S. 'O that I were young again': Yeats and the Steinach operation. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed). 1983 Dec;287(6409):1964-8. doi: 10.1136/bmj.287.6409.1964. PMID: 6418285. PMCID: PMC1550205.

Moertel CG, Fleming TR, Rubin J, Kvols LK, Sarna G, Koch R, Currie VE, Young CW, Jones SE, Davignon JP. A Clinical Trial of Amygdalin (Laetrile) in the Treatment of Human Cancer. New England Journal of Medicine 306, no. 4 (28 January 1982): 201-206. PMID: 7033783. DOI: 10.1056/NEJM198201283060403.

Kaplan, Barbara Beigun. Greatrakes the Stroker: The Interpretations of His Contemporaries. Isis 73, no. 2 (June 1982): 178-185. doi:10.1086/352968.

Steneck, Nicholas H. Greatrakes the Stroker: The Interpretations of Historians. Isis 73, no. 2 (June 1982): 161-177. doi:10.1086/352967.

Wilhelm, Rudolf. "Lahmann, Heinrich." Neue Deutsche Biographie 13 (1982), pp. 411-412 [online version]. Deutsche Biographie, Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften / Historische Kommission.

Price, Robin. Hydropathy in England 1840-70. Medical History 25, no. 3 (1981): 269-280. doi:10.1017/S002572730003458X. PMID: 7022064. PMCID: PMC1139039.

Witkowski JA. "Dr. Carrel's immortal cells." Medical History. 1980;24(2):129–142. doi:10.1017/s0025727300040126. PMID 6990125. PMC1082700.

Witkowski JA. "Alexis Carrel and the mysticism of tissue culture." Medical History. 1979 Jul;23(3):279–296. doi:10.1017/s0025727300051760. PMID 395375. PMC1082475.

Creagan ET, Moertel CG, O'Fallon JR, Schutt AJ, O'Connell MJ, Rubin J, Frytak S. Failure of high-dose vitamin C (ascorbic acid) therapy to benefit patients with advanced cancer. A controlled trial. N Engl J Med. 1979;301(13):687-690. PMID: 384241.

De Klerk GJM. 'Mechanism and vitalism. A history of the controversy.' Acta Biotheoretica. 1979;28(1):1-10. doi:10.1007/BF00054676.

United States v. Rutherford, 442 U.S. 544 (1979). Opinion by Justice Thurgood Marshall. Decided 18 June 1979.

Davignon JP, Trissel LA, Kleinman LM. Pharmaceutical Assessment of Amygdalin (Laetrile) Products. Cancer Treatment Reports 62, no. 1 (January 1978): 99-104. PMID: 627001.

Ellison NM, Byar DP, Newell GR. Special Report on Laetrile: The NCI Laetrile Review. Results of the National Cancer Institute's Retrospective Laetrile Analysis. New England Journal of Medicine 299, no. 10 (7 September 1978): 549-552. PMID: 683212. DOI: 10.1056/NEJM197809072991013.

Cameron E, Pauling L. Supplemental ascorbate in the supportive treatment of cancer: reevaluation of prolongation of survival times in terminal human cancer. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1978;75(9):4538-4542. PMID: 279931.

Lewis JP. "Laetrile." Western Journal of Medicine 127, no. 1 (July 1977): 55-62. PMID: 327697.

Ostfeld A, Smith CM, Stotsky BA. 'The systemic use of procaine in the treatment of the elderly: a review.' *Journal of the American Geriatrics Society* 1977 Jan;25(1):1-19. PMID 12204. doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.1977.tb00917.x.

Fotoburo De Boer, portrait of Ana Aslan, 7 October 1976. Noord-Hollands Archief, NL-HlmNHA_1478_14943K00_39. CC0.

"Medicine: Laetrile Crackdown." TIME, 7 June 1976.

Cameron E, Pauling L. Supplemental ascorbate in the supportive treatment of cancer: Prolongation of survival times in terminal human cancer. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1976;73(10):3685-3689. PMID: 1068480.

American Cancer Society. Grape Diet. CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians. 1974;24(3):144-146. DOI: 10.3322/canjclin.24.3.144.

Michler, Markwart. 'Hufeland, Christoph Wilhelm.' Neue Deutsche Biographie, vol. 10 (1974), via Deutsche Biographie. See also Gurlt, Ernst. 'Hufeland, Christoph Wilhelm.' Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie, vol. 13 (1881).

Helfand, W.H. 'James Morison and his pills. A study of the nineteenth century pharmaceutical market.' Transactions of the British Society for the History of Pharmacy 1, no. 3 (1974): 101-135. PMID 11615421.

Schweizerische Ärztezeitung (Swiss Medical Journal / Bulletin des médecins suisses), early-1970s issues following Niehans's death in September 1971. The Swiss Medical Association (FMH) is the publishing body; the journal is the primary professional-society publication for Swiss physicians and the appropriate venue for collective professional assessment of a contested protocol.

[No authors listed]. "Unproven methods of cancer management. Krebiozen and carcalon." CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians. 1973 Mar-Apr;23(2):111–115. PMID 4196527.

Pitskhelauri GZ. '[The macrobiotics of Christopher William Hufeland (on the 175th anniversary of the publication of his work, the art of prolonging human life)].' Sovetskoe Zdravookhranenie (Sov Zdravookhr). 1972;31(6):77-80. Russian. PMID: 4565605.

Schatzberg AF. Wilhelm Reich: self-destined victim and social casualty -- a study of his trial and appeal. Archives of General Psychiatry. 1972 Jul;27(1):73-77. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1972.01750250061008. PMID: 4555830.

USSR Post. Commemorative postage stamp depicting Alexander A. Bogomolets, Hero of Socialist Labour, issued 24 May 1971 (after a portrait by Anatoly Yar-Kravchenko). CPA catalogue number 4003. Scanned from a private collection at 600 dpi by Commons user Matsievsky. Public domain.

Anefo, 'Roemeense verjongingsspecialist prof. dr. Ana Aslan in Wenen' (Romanian rejuvenation specialist prof. dr. Ana Aslan in Vienna), press photograph, 26 May 1970. Nationaal Archief (Netherlands). CC0.

Pauling L. Vitamin C and the Common Cold. San Francisco: W.H. Freeman, 1970.

Darnton, Robert. *Mesmerism and the End of the Enlightenment in France*. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1968. ISBN 0-674-56951-2.

Holland JF. "The krebiozen story. Is cancer quackery dead?" JAMA. 1967 Apr 17;200(3):213–218. PMID 6071435.

Aslan A, Vrabiescu A, Domilescu C, Campeanu L, et al. 'Long-term treatment with procaine (Gerovital H3) in albino rats.' *Journal of Gerontology* 1965 Jan;20:1-8. PMID 14246524. doi:10.1093/geronj/20.1.1.

Hayflick L. "The limited in vitro lifetime of human diploid cell strains." Experimental Cell Research. 1965 Mar;37:614–636. doi:10.1016/0014-4827(65)90211-9. PMID 14315085.

Linus Pauling 1964. The Big T (California Institute of Technology yearbook), 1964. Wikimedia Commons.

Science Museum / Wellcome Images via Wikimedia Commons. Glass bottle with immunoglobulin to fight against chickenpox. Wellcome photo L0057971. CC BY 4.0.

Langer E. "Krebiozen: Government Indicts Sponsors of Alleged Cancer Drug; Ivy, Durovic, among Those Named." Science. 1964 Dec 4;146(3649):1282–1284. PMID 17810142. DOI 10.1126/science.146.3649.1282.

Photograph of Gayelord Hauser, in Hauser G. Mirror, Mirror on the Wall: Invitation to Beauty. New York: Farrar, Straus and Cudahy; 1961. Reproduced as File:Gayelord Hauser 1961.png, Wikimedia Commons.

Hayflick L, Moorhead PS. "The serial cultivation of human diploid cell strains." Experimental Cell Research. 1961 Dec;25:585–621. doi:10.1016/0014-4827(61)90192-6. PMID 13905658.

Young, James Harvey. The Toadstool Millionaires: A Social History of Patent Medicines in America before Federal Regulation. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1961, chapter 4. Reproduced with permission of the author and publisher at Quackwatch, https://quackwatch.org/hx/tm/4-2/ (posted 29 April 2002).

Young, James Harvey. The Toadstool Millionaires: A Social History of Patent Medicines in America before Federal Regulation. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1961, chapter 5 (titled, per the publisher's own chapter list, Hercules and Hydra: The First Significant Critique of Patent Medicines). Reproduced with permission of the author and publisher at Quackwatch, https://quackwatch.org/hx/tm/5-2/ (posted 29 April 2002 per the page's own publication note).

Niehans, Paul. *Introduction to Cellular Therapy*. New York: Pageant Books, 1960.

George B. Griffenhagen and James Harvey Young, Old English Patent Medicines in America, Contributions from the Museum of History and Technology, Paper 10, United States National Museum Bulletin 218 (Washington: Smithsonian Institution, 1959), pp. 155-183.

Anonymous photographer. Portrait of Paul Niehans, published in Murray Teigh Bloom, 'World's Most Controversial Doctor,' San Antonio Light, 28 June 1959. Reproduced in public domain; US copyright not renewed. Via Wikimedia Commons.

Photographic record of Clinique La Prairie at Clarens, late 1950s. Period image referenced in clinic histories and biographical accounts of Niehans; specific photographer, rights, and provenance pending consultation of the Clinique La Prairie archive.

Photographer unknown. Portrait of Pope Pius XII, 26 April 1958. Navy Medicine photographic collection, via Flickr Commons; no known copyright restrictions. Via Wikimedia Commons.

Lewisburg Federal Penitentiary (prison employee). Associate Warden's Record Card for Wilhelm Reich. March 1957. Wikimedia Commons, File:Associate Warden's Record Card for Wilhelm Reich.JPG. Public domain (U.S. government record).

Gardner M. Fads and Fallacies in the Name of Science. Revised ed. New York: Dover Publications; 1957 (orig. In the Name of Science, Putnam, 1952).

U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Public Beware! Warning Against the Hoxsey Cancer Treatment. Poster, 1957. Photographed and published to FDA Flickr (FDA History set), uploaded 16 August 2010. Wikimedia Commons. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:FDA_History_-_Hoxsey_Fraud_Warning_Poster_(4899254828).jpg.

Parhon CI, Aslan A. '[Preventive treatment and cure of aging phenomena; action of novocaine as eutrophic and rejuvenating factor].' *Revue des Sciences Medicales* 1957;2:5-21. PMID 13579904. French.

Larrick GP. "Statement on Hoxsey Cancer Treatment." Journal of the National Medical Association. 1957 Mar;49(2):123. PMID: 20893843.

Wilhelm Reich et al., Defendants, Appellants v. United States of America, Appellee, 239 F.2d 134 (1st Cir.). U.S. Court of Appeals for the First Circuit, docket no. 5160 (Magruder, Woodbury, Hartigan, JJ.).

Neiman IM. '[In memoriam Aleksandr Aleksandrovich Bogomolets, 1881-1946].' *Arkhiv Patologii* 1956;18(6):3-9. Russian. PMID 13382647.

Vatican appointment of Paul Niehans to the Pontifical Academy of Sciences, 1955. The appointment is referenced in Clinique La Prairie's historical materials, in the German Wikipedia entry on Niehans, and in subsequent biographical accounts. Primary documentation is held in the Archivio Apostolico Vaticano (records of the Pontifical Academy of Sciences).

'5391. Orgone Energy Accumulators.' U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Notices of Judgment Under the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, Case No. 5391 (Inj. No. 261), Drugs and Devices Collection, 1940-1963. National Library of Medicine, FDA Notices of Judgment Collection.

Mann, Thaddeus. *The Biochemistry of Semen*. London: Methuen; New York: Wiley, 1954, pp. 161-162.

Case of the United States versus the Hoxsey Cancer Clinic; opinion of the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit. Maryland State Medical Journal. 1952 Nov;1(11):560. PMID: 13001332. Commonly reported as United States v. Hoxsey Cancer Clinic, 198 F.2d 273 (5th Cir. 1952).

Time magazine, 'Medicine: The Pope's Doctor,' November 10, 1952, feature on Paul Niehans. The feature is referenced in subsequent biographical work on Niehans and in Clinique La Prairie's historical materials; the canonical phrasing 'the Pope's doctor' propagated from this coverage into Anglophone press coverage of the clinic from the early 1950s onward.

Hadacol Caravan Show advertisement, headlined as an invitation from Senator LeBlanc to his new Caravan Show. The Times-Picayune (New Orleans), Wednesday, August 15, 1951, p. 28. Reproduced in Captain Hadacol, Comic Book Number 2 (Lafayette, Louisiana: LeBlanc Corporation, circa 1951), via the Internet Archive.

"High Finance: Hadacol Hangover." Time, October 15, 1951.

Ivy AC. "Krebiozen." Science. 1951 Sep 14;114(2959):285–286. PMID 14866224.

Hauser G. Look Younger, Live Longer. London: Faber and Faber Limited; 1951. Digital Library of India / Internet Archive scan, in.ernet.dli.2015.242460.

[No authors listed]. "STATUS report on 'krebiozen'." Journal of the American Medical Association. 1951 Oct 27;147(9):864–873. PMID 14873580.

United States v. 8 Cartons, Containing Plantation 'The Original' Etc., Molasses, 103 F. Supp. 626 (W.D.N.Y. 1951), decided 2 August 1951.

United States v. 8 Cartons, More or Less, Molasses, Etc., 97 F. Supp. 313 (W.D.N.Y. 1951) (Burke, J.), decided 14 April 1951.

Open Library. Look younger, live longer. by Bengamin Gayelord Hauser, 1950 Farrar, Straus edition record OL6068296M; cover image ID 8964274. Accessed 8 July 2026.

Doll, Richard, and A. Bradford Hill. 'Smoking and Carcinoma of the Lung: Preliminary Report.' *British Medical Journal* 1950;2(4682):739 to 748. 30 September 1950. DOI 10.1136/bmj.2.4682.739.

Krebs ET Jr, Krebs ET. The Unitarian or Trophoblastic Thesis of Cancer. Medical Record (New York) 163, no. 7 (July 1950): 149-174. PMID: 24538143.

U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Notice of Judgment 2389, "Misbranding of Spectro-Chrome," FDA Notices of Judgment Collection, 1908-1966 (District of New Jersey), issued April 1949; digitized by the National Library of Medicine.

Allstarecho (Wikimedia Commons user). Photographs of a 1948 Hadacol promotional trade token (front and back). Self-published, January 31, 2008.

Johanna Brandt -Notice.jpg. Wikimedia Commons. Public meeting handbill, Cape Town, 21 April 1948.

United States v. Ghadiali, 165 F.2d 957 (3d Cir., filed February 9, 1948); Ghadiali v. United States, 334 U.S. 821 (U.S. Supreme Court, certiorari denied May 17, 1948); court records indexed by CourtListener (Free Law Project).

U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Letter regarding Wilhelm Reich, August 1947. Wikimedia Commons, File:FDA letter about Wilhelm Reich, 1947.JPG. Public domain (U.S. government record).

OMGUS Military Tribunal. 'Dr. Andrew C. Ivy, testifies as an expert witness in the Doctors' Trial.' 1946. United States government photograph. Via Wikimedia Commons. Public domain.

OMGUS Military Tribunal. 'Dr. Andrew C. Ivy, witness in the Doctors' Trial.' 1946. United States government photograph. Via Wikimedia Commons. Public domain.

Bogomolets, Alexander A. *The Prolongation of Life*. Translated by Peter V. Karpovich and Sonia Bleeker. New York: Duell, Sloan and Pearce, 1946.

Gutmann, Ludwig (photographer). Wilhelm Reich, fotografiert von L. Gutmann, Wien. Photograph, before 1943. Wikimedia Commons, File:Wilhelm Reich.jpg. Public domain (photographer died 1943; PD-old-80).

Warren D. Horner, Dinitrophenol and Its Relation to Formation of Cataract, Archives of Ophthalmology 27(6) (1942): 1097-1121. doi:10.1001/archopht.1942.00880060073002

[Unsigned staff article]. 'Medicine: Garbo's Gayelord.' Time, 16 February 1942.

Edward L. Keyes, The Joanna Stephens Medicines for the Stone: A Faith That Failed, Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine 18, no. 12 (December 1942): 835-840.

Baker et al. v. United States, 115 F.2d 533 (8th Cir. Nov. 20, 1940) (No. 11683), rehearing denied Dec. 7, 1940.

Steinach, Eugen, and Josef Loebel. Sex and Life: Forty Years of Biological and Medical Experiments. New York: Viking Press, 1940. Also published: London: Faber and Faber, 1940.

Swamp-Root Almanac: weather forecasts, horoscopes & dream book / Dr. Kilmer & Co. Binghamton, N.Y.: Dr. Kilmer & Co., 1940. 32 pages, illustrations, portrait, 21 cm. Wellcome Collection, work qxbtjjda, Public Domain Mark. Name-authority heading: Kilmer, S. Andral (Sylvester Andral), 1840-1924.

Name-authority and catalogue records for William Howard Hay (1866-1940). Wellcome Collection author authority 'Hay, William Howard, 1866-1940' (work kshmkvsf) and Wikidata Q325785 (date of birth 1866, date of death 1940). Bibliography from the Wellcome catalogue: Health via Food (New York, 1929; work kshmkvsf), A New Health Era (London: George G. Harrap, 1935; work hhun4w83), Weight Control (London: George G. Harrap, 1936; work jj4jpr6x), and Some Human Ailments (London: George G. Harrap, 1937; work grch2x8f).

Maximilian Bircher-Benner (1867-1939), photographic portrait. Unknown author, before 1939. Wikimedia Commons. Public domain.

Bircher-Benner M. The essential nature and organisation of food energy and the application of the second principle of thermo-dynamics to food value and its active force. Translated by D. E. Hecht and E. F. Meyer. London: John Bale, Sons & Curnow, 1939. Wellcome Collection; Internet Archive (b29807232).

Overbeck's rejuvenator, supreme model : directions for use / manufactured and distributed by Overbeck's Rejuvenator Ltd. Grimsby: Overbeck's Rejuvenator Ltd, 1938. 28 pages : illustrations ; 20 cm. Wellcome Collection, work eyw4gamr (b3346411x). Public Domain Mark.

Bircher-Benner M. The prevention of incurable disease. 1938. Wellcome Collection.

Lathrope GH. 'Count Cagliostro: An Excursion Into Eighteenth Century Charlatanism.' *Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine* 1937 Aug;13(8):466-488. PMID 19312029; PMCID PMC1966065.

"Portrait Heinrich Lahmann." Photographer unknown. Reproduced in Alfred Brauchle, Naturheilkunde in Lebensbildern (Leipzig: Reclam, 1937). Wikimedia Commons, File:Heinrich Lahmann1.jpg.

Owen, Gilbert Roy. "The Famous Case of Lady Anne Conway." Annals of Medical History 9, no. 6 (November 1937): 567-571. PMID: 33943893.

Hay WH. *A New Health Era*. London: George G. Harrap & Co., 1935. 212 pp. (first published March 1935; reprinted April 1936; printed in U.S.A.). Wellcome Collection, work hhun4w83 / digitized item b29807487.

William Howard Hay, *A New Health Era* (London: George G. Harrap, 1935), frontispiece portrait plate ('William Howard Hay, M.D.') and title page. Wellcome Collection, digitized item b29807487 (work hhun4w83), Public Domain Mark 1.0.

Science Museum / Wellcome Images via Wikimedia Commons. Blue ridged glass bottle for arsenic, Europe, 1701-1935. Wellcome photo L0057809. CC BY 4.0.

Carrel A. Man the Unknown. New York and London: Harper & Brothers; 1935. [First English edition; no ISBN — predates the ISBN system. Archive.org holdings confirm publication year: Copyright 1935, 1939. https://archive.org/details/ManTheUnknown]

Der Wendepunkt im Leben und im Leiden. X. Jahrgang, August 1933, Nr. 9. Herausgeber: Dr. med. Bircher-Benner, Zürich. Wikimedia Commons. Public domain.

Hoxsey v. Baker, 216 Iowa 85, 246 N.W. 653 (Iowa Feb. 7, 1933) (No. 41857).

Maurice L. Tainter, A. B. Stockton, and W. C. Cutting, Use of Dinitrophenol in Obesity and Related Conditions: A Progress Report, Journal of the American Medical Association 101(19) (1933): 1472-1475. doi:10.1001/jama.1933.02740440032009

Photograph by Julius Scherb after an unidentified painting, circa 1932. Wellcome Collection, London (reference V0027219). Licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0). Via Wikimedia Commons.

Fishbein, Morris. Fads and Quackery in Healing: An Analysis of the Foibles of the Healing Cults, with Essays on Various Other Peculiar Notions in the Health Field. New York: Covici-Friede, 1932, pp. 153-154 (chapter 'Evolution of the Abrams Notion'). Full text via Internet Archive, item 1932FishbeinFadsAndQuackeryInHealing.

Federal Trade Commission. Cease-and-desist order against Bailey Radium Laboratories, Inc. (William J. A. Bailey, principal), dated 19 December 1931. Order required the company to cease representations of therapeutic value of Radithor and representations that the product is harmless.

Shryock RH. 'Sylvester Graham and the Popular Health Movement, 1830-1870.' Mississippi Valley Historical Review. 1931;18(2):172-183. doi:10.2307/1893378.

United States Bureau of Home Economics. Wheat germ has high nutritive value. Washington, 1931. Reproduced as File:Wheat germ has high nutritive value (IA CAT31039172).pdf, Wikimedia Commons / Internet Archive.

'Advert for Gayelord Hauser.' Evening Star (Washington, D.C.), 27 March 1930, p. C-12. Reproduced as File:Gayelord Hauser 1930.png, Wikimedia Commons.

Gliddon, A. J. L. Stepping Stones to Electro-Homœopathy (Count Mattei's System of Medicine). 8th ed. London: Count Mattei's Remedies, 1930. Wellcome Collection, Medical Collection WB930 1930G56s.

Advertisement for J. R. Brinkley's write-in candidacy for governor of Kansas, paid for by friends and supporters of J. R. Brinkley, 1930. Public domain. Via Wikimedia Commons.

Hay WH. *Health via Food*. New York, 1929. 299 pp., 1 leaf of plates (portrait). Wellcome Collection, work kshmkvsf.

Lithographic poster for the film 'La methode du docteur Voronoff', illustrated by Henri Armengol (1884-1944), 1929. Bibliotheque nationale de France / Gallica. CC0. Via Wikimedia Commons.

Overbeck's rejuvenator, patented / manufactured and distributed by O. Overbeck. [Grimsby]: [publisher not identified], [1929]. 88 pages : illustrations, portraits ; 22 cm. Wellcome Collection, work dh3tku6h.

Bircher-Benner M. Food science for all and a new sunlight theory of nutrition: lectures to teachers of domestic economy. Translated and edited with an introduction by Arnold Eiloart. 1928. 140 pp., ill., 19 cm. Wellcome Collection.

Period advertisement for Radithor (Bailey Radium Laboratories), 1920s, as reproduced by the Museum of Radiation and Radioactivity, Oak Ridge Associated Universities (orau.org).

Brandt J. The Grape Cure. New York: The Order of Harmony / Harmony Centre, Inc., 1928. Copy consulted: Internet Archive, https://archive.org/details/grapecure00bran (catalogued 1929 printing).

Photograph, 1927, of Serge Voronoff with a European scientific delegation in Algiers. Wellcome Collection, London (Sir Alan Parkes Papers). CC BY 4.0. Via Wikimedia Commons.

Advertisement for Wilshire's Ionaco, c. 1924-1927. Wikimedia Commons, public domain (scanned from The Technological Fix). File: 'Advertisement for Wilshire's Ionaco.jpg'.

Voronoff, Serge. *Étude sur la vieillesse et le rajeunissement par la greffe*. Paris: Octave Doin & Gaston Doin, 1926. (Slug 'voronoff-life-and-work-of-monkeys-1928' preserved as the assigned identifier; the canonical Voronoff monograph during the practice's peak is the 1926 French *Étude* and the 1925 English *Rejuvenation by Grafting*. Voronoff's earlier 1920 *Life: A Study of the Means of Restoring Vital Energy and Prolonging Life* (Allen & Unwin) provides additional context.)

Rayner, J. L.; Crook, G. T. (eds). 'John St John Long.' The Complete Newgate Calendar, Vol. 3. London: Navarre Society, 1926. Text as transcribed at exclassics.com.

Scott, G. Laughton. *"The Abrams Treatment" in Practice: An Investigation*. London: Geoffrey Bles, [1924 or 1925?]. Wellcome Collection works/a3a2e8q4.

The kitchen of the Sanatorium 'Lebendige Kraft' in the 1920s. Bircher-Benner Archiv, Universität Zürich, Medizinhistorisches Institut, via Wikimedia Commons. Public domain.

[Report on the will of the late Dr. Albert Abrams and the Scientific American investigation]. The Oregon Daily Journal (Portland, Ore.), 17 January 1925, p. 2. Historic Oregon Newspapers, University of Oregon (LCCN sn96088108).

Voronoff, Serge. *Rejuvenation by Grafting*. Translated from the French and edited by Fred F. Imianitoff. London: George Allen & Unwin Ltd., 1925. 221 pp., 38 illustrations.

'The "Electronic Reactions of Abrams."' Nature. 1925 May 23;115(2899):789-790. doi:10.1038/115789a0.

'Albert Abrams and the "E.R.A." Cult.' British Medical Journal. 1924 Jan 26;1(3291):164-165. PMID 20771441. PMCID PMC2303736.

Gaylord Wilshire, 1924. Studio portrait, signed in the image 'Gaylord Wilshire 1924.' Wikimedia Commons, public domain (credit: Los Angeles Conservancy). File: 'Gaylord Wilshire 1924.jpg'.

Harris & Ewing, photographer. 'Sen. taking lessons in physical culture. L. to r.: Bernarr MacFadden, famous physical culture expert of N.Y., Sen Arthur Capper, Sen. C.C. Dill, Rep. Macfadden, Sen. Magnus Johnson, Rep. ...' 1924. Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division (LCCN 2016887214). No known restrictions on publication.

Press photograph by Agence Rol, May 1923. Bibliotheque nationale de France, departement Estampes et photographie. Public domain. Via Wikimedia Commons.

Macfadden B. Fasting for Health: A Complete Guide on How, When and Why to Use the Fasting Cure. New York: Macfadden Publications, Inc.; 1923. Library of Congress (LCCN 23011486; RM226 .M3).

Pathé Frères newsreel coverage of Voronoff testicular-graft procedures, early 1920s. Pathé and contemporary newsreel houses produced extensive promotional and documentary film coverage of the practice. Holdings are managed by the Gaumont Pathé Archives (Saint-Ouen, France).

'What the American Medical Association Thinks of the Electronic Reactions of Abrams.' The Dental Register. 1923 Mar;77(3):117-124. PMID 33703850. PMCID PMC7872713.

Haehl, Richard. Samuel Hahnemann: His Life and Work. Based on Recently Discovered State Papers, Documents, Letters, etc. Translated from the German by Marie L. Wheeler and W.H.R. Grundy; edited by J.H. Clarke and F.J. Wheeler. 2 vols. London: Homoeopathic Publishing Co., 1922.

Dr. J.R. Brinkley. Bain News Service, publisher, circa 1921. George Grantham Bain Collection, Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division (LCCN 2014711648). Public domain. Via Wikimedia Commons.

Bennett S. Old Age: Its Cause and Prevention: The Story of an Old Body and Face Made Young. New York: The Physical Culture Publishing Co.; 1921. Open Library edition OL16354062M (reprint of the 1912 edition).

Operating room at the Brinkley Hospital, Milford, Kansas. From Sydney B. Flower, The Goat-Gland Transplantation (Chicago: New Thought Book Department, 1921). Public domain. Via Wikimedia Commons.

Flower, Sydney Blanshard. The Goat-Gland Transplantation as Originated and Successfully Performed by J. R. Brinkley, M. D., of Milford, Kansas, U. S. A., in Over 600 Operations Upon Men and Women. Chicago: New Thought Book Department, c1921. Internet Archive: https://archive.org/details/goatglandtranspl00flow

Portrait of Linda Burfield Hazzard, in Macfadden B, ed. Macfadden's Encyclopedia of Physical Culture, vol. 3. New York: Physical Culture Publishing Company; 1920. Via Wikimedia Commons, File:Linda Burfield Hazzard, Macfadden's encyclopedia.jpg. Public domain.

Photograph by Bain News Service, circa 1920. Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division (digital ID ggbain.37126); no known copyright restrictions. Via Wikimedia Commons.

Advertisement, 'You're Not Healthy Unless You're Clean Inside,' Tyrrell's Hygienic Institute, 134 West 65th Street, New York City, c. 1920. Reproduced in/with *The Royal Road to Health* (New York: Tyrrell's Hygienic Institute). Public domain (United States work published c. 1920). Via Wikimedia Commons, File:Tyrell's Hygienic Institute advert.png.

Steinach, Eugen. Verjuengung durch experimentelle Neubelebung der alternden Pubertaetsdruese. Berlin: Julius Springer, 1920. Wikimedia Commons / Internet Archive scan (verjngungdurchex00stei), Public Domain Mark.

Steinach, Eugen. Verjüngung durch experimentelle Neubelebung der alternden Pubertätsdrüse. Berlin: J. Springer, 1920. Reprinted from Roux' Archiv für Entwicklungsmechanik, Bd. 46, June 1920.

Kellogg JH. *Autointoxication; or, Intestinal Toxemia*. Battle Creek, Mich.: The Modern Medicine Publishing Co.; 1919. Internet Archive: autointoxicatio01kellgoog.

Evans, Henry Ridgely. *Cagliostro and His Egyptian Rite of Freemasonry.* New York, 1919.

Alvarez, Walter C. 'Origin of the So-Called Auto-Intoxication Symptoms.' *Journal of the American Medical Association* 1919;72(1):8-13. doi:10.1001/jama.1919.02610010014002.

Bain News Service. 'Dr. Alexis Carrel.' Photograph, c. 1918. George Grantham Bain Collection, Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division. LCCN 2014708483 (ggbain.34418). No known copyright restrictions.

Anatomical plate, Albert Abrams, *New Concepts in Diagnosis and Treatment* (San Francisco: Philopolis Press, 1916). Internet Archive Book Images (identifier newconceptsindia00abra). Holding record: Internet Archive, https://archive.org/details/newconceptsindia00abra. No known copyright restrictions. Via Wikimedia Commons.

Kellogg JH. *Colon Hygiene*. Battle Creek, Mich.: Good Health Publishing Co.; 1916. Internet Archive (from the Library of Congress / Americana collection): colonhygiene00kell.

Abrams, Albert. *New Concepts in Diagnosis and Treatment: Physico-Clinical Medicine, the Practical Application of the Electronic Theory in the Interpretation and Treatment of Disease*. San Francisco: Philopolis Press, 1916. Internet Archive: newconceptsindia00abra.

Portrait photograph of Samuel Brubaker Hartman, 1915. Columbus Metropolitan Library, contributed to Wikimedia Commons via the Digital Public Library of America and the Ohio Digital Network. DPLA identifier bc72628161a16c6d1c1bbc87ed5106e7; Columbus Metropolitan Library digital-collections record id 20126.

Stern, Heinrich. *The Theory and Practice of Bloodletting*. New York: Rebman Company, 1915. 233 pp.

Villa, Georges. 'Le Docteur Carrel, de New-York.' Caricature published in Le Chanteclair (Paris), February 1914. Wellcome Collection, London. Accession L0027788. Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) per Wellcome Collection licence.

Photograph of John Harvey Kellogg by E. E. Doty, 1914. United States Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division (digital id cph.3b33669). Public domain. Via Wikimedia Commons.

Villa G [attr.]. 'Le Docteur Carrel, de New York.' Caricature, c. 1913. Wikimedia Commons. File: Caricature Alexis Carrel "Le Docteur Carrel, de New York".JPG. Public domain.

Fletcher H. Fletcherism: What It Is, or, How I Became Young at Sixty. New York: Frederick A. Stokes Company; 1913.

Stevens, Rollin H. 'Isotonic Sea Water in Therapeutics.' Buffalo Medical Journal 68, no. 7 (February 1913): 369–381. PMID 36886323. PMC8732112.

Johanna Brandt.jpg. Wikimedia Commons. Original portrait published in Johanna Brandt, The Petticoat Commando (London: Mills & Boon, 1913), digitized via Project Gutenberg (gutenberg.org/files/20194/20194-h/20194-h.htm).

Photograph by Agence Rol, 1913. Bibliothèque nationale de France / Gallica (ark:/12148/btv1b6926750k). Public domain (anonymous author, copyright expired). Restoration by Adam Cuerden, 2022. Via Wikimedia Commons.

Brandt J. The Petticoat Commando, or, Boer Women in Secret Service. London: Mills & Boon, 1913.

Washington State Penitentiary. Mug shot of Linda Burfield Hazzard on admission, 1913. Washington State Archives. Via Wikimedia Commons, File:Linda Burfield Hazzard, mugshot, 1913.jpg. Public domain.

British Medical Association. 'Holloway's Pills.' In More Secret Remedies: What They Cost and What They Contain (Secret Remedies, second series), 96-97. London: British Medical Association, 1912.

Quinton, René. L'eau de mer, milieu organique; constance du milieu originel, comme milieu vital des cellules, à travers la série animale. 2nd ed. Paris: Masson et Cie, Éditeurs, Libraires de l'Académie de Médecine, 1912. 503 pp. OCLC 1048219069. Internet Archive identifier: leaudemermilieuo00quin.

Bennett S. Old Age: Its Cause and Prevention: The Story of an Old Body and Face Made Young. New York: The Physical Culture Publishing Company; 1912.

Carrel A. "On the permanent life of tissues outside of the organism." Journal of Experimental Medicine. 1912 May 1;15(5):516–528. doi:10.1084/jem.15.5.516. PMID 19867545. PMC2124948.

Bennett S. Old Age: Its Cause and Prevention: The Story of an Old Body and Face Made Young. New York: The Physical Culture Publishing Company; 1912. Photographic plates (frontispiece and exercise plates) and title page. Internet Archive scan of the Cornell University Library copy, cu31924031232105.

Adams, Samuel Hopkins. The Great American Fraud: Articles on the Nostrum Evil and Quackery Reprinted from Collier's. 5th ed. Chicago: Press of the American Medical Association, 1912 (copyright 1905, 1906, 1907, and 1912 by P.F. Collier & Son). The chapters 'The Fraud Medicines Own Up' and 'The Fraud Above the Law' are marked as reprinted from Collier's, Jan. 20, 1912 and May 11, 1912 respectively. Internet Archive identifier greatamericanfra00adamuoft (digitized by the University of Toronto Gerstein Science Information Centre, Medical Heritage Library).

Internet Archive. Page scan of title page, L'eau de mer, milieu organique, 2nd ed. (Paris: Masson et Cie, 1912) by René Quinton. Archive.org identifier: leaudemermilieuo00quin. Contributor: MBLWHOI Library. Rights: NIC (Not In Copyright) per Archive.org metadata. https://archive.org/details/leaudemermilieuo00quin.

Photograph of women in bathtubs at Kirvun luonnonparantola, Finland, 1910s. Wikimedia Commons, File:Kuhne-baths-in-Finland-1910s.jpg (public domain; credit Kirvun luonnonparantola).

'Holloway, Thomas.' In Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th edition, Volume 13. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1911. Transcribed text at Wikisource.

American Medical Association, Propaganda Department (Arthur J. Cramp et al.). 'J.B.L. Cascade,' in *Nostrums and Quackery: Articles on the Nostrum Evil and Quackery*, vol. 2. Chicago: Press of the American Medical Association. Digitized copy via the Internet Archive (nostrumsquackery02amer), pp. 697-700.

Photograph by George Charles Beresford, 15 July 1911. National Portrait Gallery, London. Public domain in the United States (published before 1 January 1931). Via Wikimedia Commons.

Photograph, 'Battle Creek Sanitarium,' George Grantham Bain Collection, United States Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division (item 2014695023; created between ca. 1910 and ca. 1915). No known restrictions on publication.

Trowbridge WRH. *Cagliostro: The Splendour and Misery of a Master of Magic.* London: Chapman and Hall, 1910.

Photograph by Bain News Service, between circa 1910 and circa 1915. Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division, George Grantham Bain Collection (digital ID ggbain.14791, call number LC-B2-2901-8); no known copyright restrictions. Via Wikimedia Commons.

Horace Fletcher. Bain News Service, publisher. George Grantham Bain Collection, Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division (LCCN 2014683885). No known restrictions on publication.

Edmondson, George Mountain. Rockefeller, John D. 1910-L. Cleveland Public Library, 1910. Digital Public Library of America item 892eb0eaf12fd7ea412021c8b14cfb79; Wikimedia Commons DPLA upload.

"Sebastian Kneipp." The Catholic Encyclopedia, Volume 8. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1910.

Briarcliff Lodge, Briarcliff Manor, New York, circa 1908. Photographer unknown. Briarcliff Manor-Scarborough Historical Society, via Wikimedia Commons (File:Briarcliff Lodge 02.png); no known copyright restrictions.

Hazzard LB. Fasting for the Cure of Disease. Seattle: Harrison Publishing Co.; 1908. 179 p. Library of Congress, RM226 .H3, LCCN 09031446. https://www.loc.gov/item/09031446/

Front cover, Hazzard LB. Fasting for the Cure of Disease. Seattle: Harrison Publishing Co.; 1908. Internet Archive scan (fastingforcureof00hazz) via Wikimedia Commons, File:Fasting for the cure of disease (IA fastingforcureof00hazz).pdf. Public domain.

Colored frontispiece plate, J.H. Kellogg, *The Battle Creek Sanitarium System: History, Organization, Methods* (Battle Creek, Mich.: Gage Printing Co., 1908). Wellcome Collection (work rzmdzhv2; image b21216915). Public Domain Mark.

Portrait of Gaylord Wilshire, c. 1908, reproduced from The Arena, vol. 40 (1908). Wikimedia Commons, public domain. File: 'Picture of Gaylord Wilshire.jpg'.

Physical Culture (magazine), 1908 volume. Illustration extracted via Internet Archive Book Images (source volume physicalculture201908macf). Wikimedia Commons. No known copyright restrictions.

Portrait of Louis Kuhne (1835-1901). Frontispiece from Die neue Heilwissenschaft. Wikimedia Commons, File:Louis Kuhne.jpg (public domain; credit line archive.org/details/dieneueheilwiss00kuhngoog).

Agence Rol. 'M. René Quinton et Louis Barthou, Issy-les-Moulineaux, 7 septembre 08.' Photograph. Bibliothèque nationale de France, Département Estampes et photographie. Wikimedia Commons. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ren%C3%A9_Quinton_y_Louis_Barthou_(1908),.jpg. Public domain.

Agence Rol. 'René Quinton, 1908.' Photograph. Bibliothèque nationale de France, Département Estampes et photographie. Wikimedia Commons. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ren%C3%A9_Quinton_1908.jpg. Public domain.

Kellogg JH. *The Battle Creek Sanitarium System: History, Organization, Methods*. Battle Creek, Mich.: Gage Printing Co., printer; 1908. Wellcome Collection (work rzmdzhv2). Public Domain Mark.

Metchnikoff, Elie. The Prolongation of Life: Optimistic Studies. English translation by P. Chalmers Mitchell. New York and London: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1908. Wikimedia Commons / Internet Archive scan (prolongationofli00metciala), public domain.

Metchnikoff, Élie. *The Prolongation of Life: Optimistic Studies*. English translation by P. Chalmers Mitchell. New York and London: G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1908. (French original: *Essais optimistes*, Paris: A. Maloine, 1907.)

Borys Fomich Gotlib. Portrait of Alexander Bogomolets, 1907. Personal archive of Olga Bogomolets, MD, via Wikimedia Commons. Public domain.

Bennett S. Exercising in Bed: The Simplest and Most Effective System of Exercise Ever Devised. San Francisco: The E. Hilton Co.; 1907.

Adams, Samuel Hopkins. The Great American Fraud: Articles on the Nostrum Evil and Quacks, in Two Series, Reprinted from Collier's Weekly. Chicago: American Medical Association, 1907. Chapter II, 'Peruna and the Bracers,' is marked as reprinted from Collier's Weekly, Oct. 28, 1905. Internet Archive identifier greatamericanfra00adamiala (digitized by the University of California Libraries, Americana collection).

Poehl, A. von [and others]. *Rational organotherapy: with reference to urosemiology*. London: J. & A. Churchill, 1906.

Horace Fletcher. The New Glutton or Epicure. New York: Frederick A. Stokes Company, 1906. Title page. Internet Archive (newgluttonorepic00fletiala). Public domain.

Advertisement, 'The J.B.L. Cascade ... the only Perfect Appliance for Administering the Internal Bath,' Tyrrell's Hygienic Institute, in *Health: A Home Magazine Devoted to Physical Culture and Hygiene*, December 1905. Public domain (United States work published 1905). Via Wikimedia Commons, File:J. B. L. Casade advert.png.

Méliès, Georges. Le baquet de Mesmer (A Mesmerian Experiment). Star Film, 1905. Internet Archive. Public domain.

Liebig's Extract of Meat Company Limited. 'La ferrovia Transiberiana,' trade card no. 5: Il mercato a Nertchinsk; Al lago Baikal; Tunguso coi pattini. [c. 1900-1909]. Wellcome Collection accession EPH/49/7. Public Domain Mark 1.0.

J. E. Purdy (Boston). Clara Barton, head-and-shoulders portrait, facing front. 1904. Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, LCCN 2005693027. loc.gov/pictures/item/2005693027/.

Chittenden RH. Physiological Economy in Nutrition, with Special Reference to the Minimal Proteid Requirement of the Healthy Man: An Experimental Study. New York: Frederick A. Stokes Company; 1904.

Photograph by Falk, New York, 1903. Public domain (United States; first published before 1931). Via Wikimedia Commons.

Norwood Chemical Co. La Parle Obesity Soap advertisement, 1903. Wikimedia Commons file record, public domain in the United States.

Photograph of Charles Alfred Tyrrell by George G. Rockwood, 1902. Published in *The Successful American*, vol. V, p. 102 (The Writers Press Association, February 1902). Public domain (United States work published 1902). Via Wikimedia Commons, File:Charles Alfred Tyrrell 1902.jpg.

"Half Our Ills Are Catarrhal in Nature" [Peruna advertisement]. The Lexington Dispatch (Lexington, S.C.), Dec. 17, 1902, p. 4. Library of Congress, Chronicling America, LCCN sn84026907. Image provided by the University of South Carolina.

Otto Christoph Joseph Gerhardt Ludwig Overbeck, self-portrait, 1902. Oil painting reproduced via Art UK (self-portrait-101980). Wikimedia Commons, public domain. File: 'Otto Christoph Joseph Gerhardt Ludwig Overbeck, by Otto Christoph Joseph Gerhardt Ludwig Overbeck.jpg'.

Bernarr Macfadden. Frontispiece portrait from Strength from Eating: How and What to Eat and Drink to Develop the Highest Degree of Health and Strength. New York: Physical Culture Publishing Company; 1901. Wikimedia Commons.

Lahmann, Heinrich. The airbath as a means of healing and hardening the body. Stuttgart: A. Zimmer (Ernst Mohrmann), 1901. 2nd ed., 39pp. Harvey Cushing/John Hay Whitney Medical Library, Yale University (Medical Heritage Library). Wellcome Collection record aphz5vhe.

Kuhne, Louis. The New Science of Healing, or, The doctrine of the unity of diseases forming the basis of a uniform method of cure, without medicines and without operations: an instructor and advisor for the healthy and the sick. Leipzig: [Verlag von Louis Kuhne], 1901. English translation of Die neue Heilwissenschaft. Wellcome Collection catalogue work tcd7vnwe (English ed. 1901; an earlier English printing, work vn998nhd, is dated 1900). German editions published by Verlag von Louis Kuhne, Leipzig; the German scan Internet Archive dieneueheilwiss00kuhngoog is a 1908 printing (status NOT_IN_COPYRIGHT).

Brandreth Pill Factory. Historical Treasures of Westchester County, Westchester County Archives (Village of Ossining collection), including the cataloged photograph of women packing pills at the factory, ca. 1900. Page fetched directly.

"Brandreth, Benjamin." Appletons' Cyclopaedia of American Biography, edited by James Grant Wilson and John Fiske, 1900 edition, vol. 1, p. 358. New York: D. Appleton and Company. Transcribed on Wikisource: https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Appletons%27_Cyclop%C3%A6dia_of_American_Biography/Brandreth,_Benjamin (fetched directly, matching the underlying page scan Page:Appletons'_Cyclopædia_of_American_Biography_(1900,_volume_1).djvu/386).

Macfadden B, Oswald FL. Macfadden's Fasting, Hydropathy and Exercise: Nature's Wonderful Remedies for the Cure of All Chronic and Acute Diseases. London: Bernarr Macfadden; [1900]. 217 pp. Wellcome Collection.

Portrait of Alexander von Poehl (Александр Васильевич Пель, 1850-1908), St. Petersburg pharmacist and chemist. Wikimedia Commons, File:Пель.jpg. Public domain.

Portrait of Albert Abrams, from *Scattered Leaves from a Physician's Diary* (St. Louis, Mo.: Fortnightly Press, 1900). Holding record: Internet Archive, https://archive.org/details/scatteredleavesf00abra. Public domain. Via Wikimedia Commons.

Leslie Stephen, "Hartley, David (1705-1757)," in Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900, Vol. 25 (London: Smith, Elder & Co., 1899).

Edward Irving Carlyle, 'Ward, Joshua (1685-1761)', in Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900, Vol. 59 (London: Smith, Elder & Co., 1899), pp. 292-293.

Poehl, Alexander. *Die physiologisch-chemischen Grundlagen der Spermintheorie: nebst klinischem Material zur therapeutischen Verwendung des Sperminum-Poehl* (uebersetzt aus dem Russischen). St. Petersburg: A. Wienecke, 1898.

R. L. Polk & Co. Polk's Medical Register and Directory of North America. Detroit: R. L. Polk, 1898. Page reproduction held via Wikimedia Commons, ultimate scan source McGill University Library (archive.org/details/McGillLibrary-103415-268).

Kneipp, Sebastian. My water-cure: tested for more than 35 years and published for the cure of diseases and the preservation of health. Translated from the 36th German edition. London: H. Grevel, 1898. 4th ed. of translation. Wellcome Collection, work id kpf4naqv.

Kuhne, Louis. Louis Kuhne's Facial Diagnosis. A free and abridged translation with notes by August F. Reinhold, M.A. New York: A. F. Reinhold, 1897. English translation of Gesichtsausdruckskunde. Held by the Library of Congress (item 06038744; record states 'in the public domain'); digitized as Internet Archive item louiskuhnesfaci00kuhn.

Title page of Louis Kuhne's Facial Diagnosis, trans. August F. Reinhold, New York: A. F. Reinhold, 1897. Internet Archive scan louiskuhnesfaci00kuhn, on Wikimedia Commons as File:Louis Kuhne's Facial diagnosis .. (IA louiskuhnesfaci00kuhn).pdf (public domain); also held by the Library of Congress (item 06038744, public domain).

White, James Terry, ed. The National Cyclopaedia of American Biography, vol. 1. New York: James T. White & Company, 1895 [entry on William Brandreth, son of Benjamin Brandreth]. Full text fetched directly from the Internet Archive digitization (nationalcyclopa01whitgoog_djvu.txt).

Liebig's Extract of Meat Company, Limited. 'Liebig Company's extract of meat is invaluable for preparing beef tea and is the cheapest and best stock for flavouring and improving soups, sauces, gravies & made dishes.' [London: Liebig's Extract of Meat Company, c. 1890-1899]. 1 sheet. Wellcome Collection accession EPH/49/10. Public Domain Mark 1.0.

Speech of Sebastian Kneipp at the open hall in Wörishofen [wood engraving]. Die Gartenlaube, Sammelband Nr. 4, p. 61. Leipzig: Verlag Keil's Nachfolger, 1895.

Poehl, Alexander. *Einwirkung des Spermins auf den Stoffumsatz bei Autointoxicationen im Allgemeinen und bei harnsaurer Diathese im Speciellen*. Berlin: Gedr. bei L. Schumacher, 1894.

Goodwin, Gordon. 'Morison, James (1770-1840).' In Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900, Volume 39. London: Smith, Elder & Co. Transcribed text at Wikisource.

Tyrrell, Charles Alfred. *The Royal Road to Health, or, The Secret of Health Without Drugs*. New York: Tyrrell's Hygienic Institute. First published 1894; reissued through many editions. Full text via Project Gutenberg (ebook #3453); a 1920 printing of the c1907 edition is digitized at the Internet Archive (royalroadtohealt00tyrriala).

Title page of Alexander Poehl, *Einwirkung des Spermins auf den Stoffumsatz bei Autointoxicationen im Allgemeinen und bei harnsaurer Diathese im Speciellen* (offprint from the Zeitschrift für klinische Medicin, Band XXVI, Heft 1 und 2), Berlin: L. Schumacher, 1894. Internet Archive identifier b22399070 (Wellcome Collection copy); digitized file also on Wikimedia Commons. Public Domain Mark.

Trademark registration by Pastor Kneipp Medicine Company for Portrait of Pastor Sebastian Kneipp Logo brand Certain Named Medicinal Preparations Of Roots and Herbs. United States trademark registration, 11 April 1893. Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division.

Rigg, James McMullen. 'Long, John St. John.' Dictionary of National Biography, vol. 34. London: Smith, Elder & Co., 1893. Text as transcribed on Wikisource.

Gliddon, A. J. L. Stepping Stones to Electro-Homœopathy (Count Mattei's System of Medicine). 2nd ed., considerably enlarged. London: Central Mattei Depot, 18 Pall Mall East, S.W., 1892.

Lahmann, Heinrich. Die diätetische Blutentmischung (Dysämie) als Grundursache der Krankheiten: Ein Beitrag zur Lehre von der Krankheitsanlage und Krankheitsverhütung. Stuttgart: A. Zimmer, 1891 (later editions retitled 'als Grundursache aller Krankheiten'; a 17th edition, 249pp, digitized from a Harvard University copy 19 September 2007, is catalogued on Google Books, id ipwNAAAAYAAJ).

Mattei, Cesare (translated by R. M. Theobald). Electro-homoeopathic Medicine: A New Medical System, Being a Popular and Domestic Guide Founded on Experience. 2nd ed. London: David Stott, 1891. Title page, digitized page image 0007 of Wellcome Collection b21066486, Public Domain Mark.

Mattei, Cesare (translated by R. M. Theobald). Electro-homoeopathic Medicine: A New Medical System, Being a Popular and Domestic Guide Founded on Experience. 2nd ed. London: David Stott, 1891. Wellcome Collection b21066486.

Boase, George Clement. 'Holloway, Thomas (1800-1883).' In Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900, Volume 27. London: Smith, Elder & Co., 1891. Signed 'G. C. B.' Transcribed text at Wikisource.

Representative period advertisement for 'Brown-Séquard's Elixir' or related testicular-extract preparations, circa 1890, as appeared in European and North American medical and lay press following Brown-Séquard's 1889 announcement. Specific publication, advertiser, and exact date vary across the extant archival record; representative examples are held in the Wellcome Collection (London) and in the History of Medicine collections of major US medical libraries.

Crescent Hotel, Eureka Springs, Arkansas - circa 1890s. Photograph. Wikimedia Commons, uploaded 2012. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Crescent_Hotel,_Eureka_Springs,_Arkansas_-_circa_1890s.jpg.

W. A. G. Greatrakes, Valentine. In Dictionary of National Biography, vol. 23 (Gray-Haighton), edited by Leslie Stephen and Sidney Lee, 33-34. London: Smith, Elder & Co., 1890.

Gully, James Manby. In Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900, vol. 23. London: Smith, Elder & Co., 1890. Available via Wikisource: https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography,_1885-1900/Gully,_James_Manby

Radam, William. Microbes and the Microbe Killer. New York: The Author (Knickerbocker Press), 1890. xiii, 369 pages, illustrations, portrait. Wellcome Collection work yyfshjxr (Public Domain Mark); full scan at Internet Archive identifier b21499457; LCCN 08094478.

'Photograph of William Radam.' Frontispiece/plate from Microbes and the Microbe Killer (New York, 1890), a book held by the Wellcome Collection (work yyfshjxr, https://wellcomecollection.org/works/yyfshjxr ) and the US National Library of Medicine / Internet Archive (b21499457, https://archive.org/details/b21499457 ). Wikimedia Commons, File:William Radam.png. Public domain. Credit line on the Commons record: 'Microbes and the Microbe Killer. New York.'

Laniepce (Paris); print by Ciba (Basle). Portrait of C.E. Brown-Séquard. Wellcome Collection, reference M0013766. CC BY 4.0.

Jackson, James H.; Jackson, Kate J.; Gregory, Walter E. The Jackson Sanatorium: The Best Appointed Health Institution in America. Buffalo, N.Y.: Matthews-Northrup Co., 1890. Digitized copy: SUNY Geneseo Milne Library, Historical Reprints Collection, knightscholar.geneseo.edu/historical-reprints/27; also digitized by the Central Library of Rochester and Monroe County, Historic Monographs Collection, libraryweb.org/~digitized/books/Jackson_Sanatorium.pdf; catalog copy at Library of Congress, loc.gov/item/tmp92006426, and Internet Archive, archive.org/details/jacksonsanatoriu00buff (Library of Congress copy).

'Wm Radam's "Microbe Killer" No. 1.' National Museum of American History, Smithsonian Institution, object record nmah_1292993 (live URL https://americanhistory.si.edu/collections/object/nmah_1292993). Read from the Internet Archive Wayback Machine snapshot dated 2025-06-24.

Radam, William. 'Apparatus for Impregnating Liquids with Gases.' US Patent No. 412,664, dated October 8, 1889 (application filed July 15, 1889, Serial No. 317,518; witnesses Louis Bagger and August Peterson). Full text and drawing at Google Patents (https://patents.google.com/patent/US412664A/en); drawing sheet digitized by the University of North Texas Libraries via DPLA and hosted at Wikimedia Commons.

"A Woman's Face is Her Fortune" (advertisement for Arsenic Complexion Wafers). The Helena Independent, 9 November 1889, p. 9. Wikimedia Commons file record, public domain.

Radam, William. 'Apparatus for Impregnating Liquids with Gases,' US Patent No. 412,664, patented October 8, 1889: lithographed drawing sheet (imprint 'N. Peters, Photo-Lithographer, Washington, D.C.'). Digitized by the University of North Texas Libraries (Portal to Texas History, ark:/67531/metapth172175, https://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth172175/ ) via the Digital Public Library of America; full patent text at Google Patents (https://patents.google.com/patent/US412664A/en ); Wikimedia Commons, File:Apparatus for Impregnating Liquids with Gases. - DPLA - 0f685d58137fd162e26554d3d9dc43bf (page 1).jpg. Public domain (US patent).

Brown-Séquard, Charles-Édouard. 'Effets produits chez l'homme par des injections sous-cutanées d'un liquide retiré des testicules frais de cobaye et de chien.' *Comptes rendus des séances de la Société de Biologie* (Paris). Communication of 1 June 1889. (English: 'Effects produced in man by subcutaneous injections of a liquid removed from the fresh testicles of guinea-pig and dog.') Specific volume and page numbers vary across modern reviews; the original *Comptes rendus* volumes for 1889 are held in major medical-history libraries and the Société de Biologie archive.

Brown-Séquard, Charles-Édouard. 'The effects produced on man by subcutaneous injections of a liquid obtained from the testicles of animals.' *The Lancet* 1889;2:105-107.

Brown-Sequard, Charles Edouard. The Elixir of Life. Edited by Newell Dunbar. Boston: J. G. Cupples Company, 1889. Wikimedia Commons / Internet Archive scan (b21270739), Public Domain Mark.

Berridge, E. W. "Matteism -- The Latest Craze." The Homoeopathic Physician 8, no. 11 (November 1888): 560-566. PMID 37135449; PMCID PMC9711455.

Pagel, Julius Leopold. 'Prießnitz, Vincenz.' Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie, vol. 26 (1888), pp. 589-590, via Deutsche Biographie. See also Skopec, Manfred. 'Prießnitz, Vinzenz Franz.' Neue Deutsche Biographie, vol. 20 (2001), p. 720. Biographical authority record for Vincenz Prießnitz (1799-1851), Naturheiler, Begründer der modernen Hydrotherapie.

[T. C.] "Conway, Anne." In Dictionary of National Biography, vol. 12 (Conder-Craigie), edited by Leslie Stephen, 74. London: Smith, Elder & Co., 1887.

'Wm. Radam's Microbe Killer' registered trademark device (a man clubbing a skeleton whose scythe lies broken). Wikimedia Commons, File:Radam's Microbe Killer.png. Public domain. Institutional provenance: registered as a US trademark and held by the Library of Congress, item 2023668939 (https://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/2023668939/ ; '[Trademark registration by William Radam for Wm Radam's Microbe Killer. brand A Remedy Known as Microbe Killer]', registered 1893 July 25, rights statement 'No known restrictions on publication'); the trademark itself was secured December 13, 1887 (Barnett).

Crescent Hotel, Eureka Springs, Arkansas - circa 1886. Photograph (postcard reproduction). Wikimedia Commons, uploaded 2012. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Crescent_Hotel,_Eureka_Springs,_Arkansas_-_circa_1886.jpg.

Brandreth Works, Sing Sing, N.Y. (B. Brandreth's Sons, 30 Howard Street, New York). Brandreth Calendar, 1884. Digitized copy: U.S. National Library of Medicine / Internet Archive identifier 101166551.nlm.nih.gov; also held on Wikimedia Commons, tagged public domain.

'The Late Mr. Thomas Holloway.' Wood-engraved portrait by Thomas Dewell Scott. The Illustrated London News, 5 January 1884, p. 24. Digital copy via Wikimedia Commons (File:ThomasHolloway1883.jpg).

"[Obituary of Benjamin Brandreth]." Brooklyn Daily Eagle (Brooklyn, N.Y.), February 20, 1880. Transcribed on the Find a Grave memorial page for Benjamin Holmes Brandreth (memorial no. 41933208), fetched directly.

'Sylvester Graham.' 1 print: wood engraving. New York: Harper & Brothers, 1880. Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, digital ID cph.3c23830.

[Trademark registration by T. Holloway for Thomas Holloway brand Pills and Ointment]. Registered 2 September 1879, No. 7,651. Library of Congress. Reproduction number and record at loc.gov/item/2022669732.

Wellcome Images (catalogue description), object photograph and description reproduced via Wikimedia Commons, object title Mattei's electro-homeopathic treatments, Bologna, Italy, 1871-1885. Wellcome Images L0057834; catalogue text mirrored at commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Mattei%27s_electro-homeopathic_treatments,_Bologna,_Italy,_187_Wellcome_L0057834.jpg. The underlying medicine chest is now catalogued at the Science Museum Group Collection (object A600342), collection.sciencemuseumgroup.org.uk/objects/co130731, whose object description reproduces the same text.

Graham S. Lectures on the Science of Human Life. New York: S.R. Wells; 1877 (reprint).

James Manby Gully. Coloured lithograph after Sir L. Ward [Spy], 1876. Wellcome Collection, work fx6qsn69, reference 3869i. Lettering: Hydropathy.

James Manby Gully. Wood engraving. Wellcome Collection, work p482g3gb, reference 3870i.

Haeseler (photographer). Portrait of Charles-Édouard Brown-Séquard (1817-1894), c. 1875. Images from the History of Medicine, National Library of Medicine. Public domain.

Liebig, Justus von. Extract of meat. [London?]: [publisher not identified], [1872]. 3 pages. Wellcome Collection record cemrjbbt. Public Domain Mark.

Brandreth, B[enjamin], M.D., comp. The Doctrine of Purgation, Curiosities from Ancient and Modern Literature: A Collection of Quotations on the Use of Purgatives, from Hippocrates, and Other Medical Writers, Covering a Period of Over Two Thousand Years, Proving Purgation is the Corner-stone of all Curatives. 2nd ed. New York: Baker & Godwin, Printers, 1871. Wellcome Collection, shelfmark IJP, digitized copy b24854797.

Portrait of Benjamin Brandreth (1807/1809-1880), oil on canvas, unknown artist, undated (predates his 1880 death), photographed from a privately held painting by the Commons uploader. Wikimedia Commons, "File:Benjamin Brandreth.JPG", uploaded 2008.

Jackson, James C. The Gluttony Plague; or, How Persons Kill Themselves by Eating. Dansville, N.Y.: Austin, Jackson & Co., 1870.

Hufeland, Christoph Wilhelm. The Art of Prolonging Life. Edited by Erasmus Wilson. Philadelphia: Lindsay & Blakiston, 1867. English edition of Makrobiotik / Die Kunst das menschliche Leben zu verlängern, from the last London edition.

Hufeland, Christoph Wilhelm. The Art of Prolonging Life. Edited by Erasmus Wilson. Philadelphia: Lindsay & Blakiston, 1867. Wikimedia Commons / Internet Archive scan (artofprolongingl00hufeuoft), Public Domain Mark.

Wasser Anwendungsformen in der Wasser-Heilanstalt zu Gräfenberg (Forms of water application at the Gräfenberg water-cure establishment). Lithograph, ca. 1860, catalogued by Wellcome Collection as 'Hydrotherapy: ... cures at Gräfenberg'. Wellcome Collection (catalogue work qxqksvs9; iconographic no. 20236i; image V0016688). Public Domain Mark.

King, Dan, M.D. Quackery Unmasked: A Consideration of the Most Prominent Empirical Schemes of the Present Time, with an Enumeration of Some of the Causes Which Contribute to Their Support. Boston: printed by David Clapp, 1858. Chapter XXII ("The Press"), pp. 248-253, and Chapter XXVII ("Nostrum Recommendations"), pp. 293-296.

Copper penny token, 1857, advertising Holloway's Pills and Ointment, obverse styled 'Professor Holloway, London' (Andrews R260 series). Photograph via Wikimedia Commons, released CC0 1.0 (public domain).

'Death of Sylvester Graham.' Buffalo Medical Journal and Monthly Review of Medical and Surgical Science. 1851 Nov;7(6):350. PMID 35375654.

Melville, Herman. Moby-Dick; or, The Whale. New York: Harper & Brothers, 1851. Chapter 92, "Ambergris." Text as transcribed on Wikisource (Moby-Dick (1851) US edition/Chapter 92), fetched directly.

Darwin Correspondence Project. The Death of Anne Elizabeth Darwin. University of Cambridge. https://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/people/about-darwin/family-life/death-anne-elizabeth-darwin (accessed 2026-08-02); reproducing Charles Darwin's manuscript memorial of his daughter, written at Down House, [c. 30 April 1851].

Homeopathic medicine chest, Europe, 1801-1900. Wellcome Collection (Wellcome Images L0057795), via Wikimedia Commons. Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0).

Grimstone, Edward (lithographer). Samuel Christian Friedrich Hahnemann. Lithograph, 1850. Wellcome Collection. Public Domain Mark.

Comfort, J. W. The Practice of Medicine on Thomsonian Principles: Adapted as well to the Use of Families as to that of the Physician. 3rd ed. Philadelphia, 1850. Dedication page inscribing the work to Dr. Samuel Thomson as the Philosopher in Medicine and Founder of the Thomsonian System of Medical Practice.

U.S. House of Representatives, 30th Congress, 2nd Session. Report No. 52, "Patent Medicines" (to accompany bill H.R. No. 755). Dr. Edwards, from the Select Committee. Washington, February 6, 1849. 33 pages. Digitized copy: U.S. National Library of Medicine / Internet Archive identifier 101221080.nlm.nih.gov.

A mesmerist using animal magnetism on a seated female patient. Wood engraving, ca. 1845. Wellcome Collection, b11599558. Public Domain Mark.

Poe, Edgar Allan. "Some Words with a Mummy." American Review, April 1845. Text as transcribed on Wikisource, fetched directly.

Vincenz Priessnitz. Lithograph by Carl Goebel (Göbel), 1845. Wellcome Collection (catalogue work e5sjd4p6; image V0004780). Public Domain Mark.

Cook, J. Stipple engraving portrait of Justus von Liebig, after Trautschold, 1844. Wellcome Collection record 5799i / image V0003554; Wikimedia Commons file record, CC BY 4.0.

Mr. Lambkin in bed undergoing hydrotherapy with a follower of V. Priessnitz. Lithograph by George Cruikshank, from 'The Bachelor's Own Book; being twenty-four passages in the life of Mr. Lambkin', 1844. Wellcome Collection (catalogue work cwy7wrqj; reference 12114i). Public Domain Mark. Series publication year (1844) per the British Museum catalogue (the Wellcome record for this plate is undated).

A Prospectus of the Water Cure Establishment at Malvern: Under the Professional Management of James Wilson and James M. Gully. London: Cunningham and Mortimer, 1843. Wellcome Collection, work gjedeuyr.

Chinese or Turkish rhubarb (Rheum palmatum): flowering and fruiting stem with leaf. Coloured zincograph after Mary Ann Burnett, circa 1842. Wellcome Collection work ea8vktkk, image V0043961. Public Domain Mark.

Holmes, Oliver Wendell. *Homeopathy and Its Kindred Delusions: Two Lectures Delivered Before the Boston Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge*. Boston: William D. Ticknor, 1842. 88 pp. Reprinted in *Medical Essays, 1842 to 1882*, Boston: Houghton, Mifflin and Company, 1883.

Claridge, R. T. Hydropathy; or, The Cold Water Cure, as practised by Vincent Priessnitz, at Graefenberg, Silesia, Austria. London: James Madden and Co., 1842. Internet Archive item b29294393; Wellcome Collection catalogue work c9k3u92f (Harvey Cushing/John Hay Whitney Medical Library copy).

Graham S. A Lecture to Young Men, on Chastity: Intended Also for the Serious Consideration of Parents and Guardians. 4th ed. Boston: George W. Light, 1 Cornhill; 1838. Title page. Wellcome Collection (work id k8j7cb55).

Graham S. A Lecture to Young Men, on Chastity: Intended Also for the Serious Consideration of Parents and Guardians. 4th ed. Boston: George W. Light, 1 Cornhill; 1838.

Graham S. A Treatise on Bread, and Bread-Making. Boston: Light & Stearns; 1837.

Graham, Sylvester. A Treatise on Bread, and Bread-Making. Boston: Light & Stearns, 1837. Internet Archive scan (treatiseonbreadb00grah).

David d'Angers, Pierre-Jean (sculptor). Samuel Christian Friedrich Hahnemann. Plaster bust, 1837. Wellcome Collection. Public Domain Mark.

Grant, C.J. 'Awful effects of Morison's vegetable pills!' Hand-coloured satirical print, 'Danger's Magic' No. 2. London: printed and published by Dawson, 11 Paternoster Row, 5 November 1835. Wellcome Collection (catalogue work tegtzzxw; image L0021197). Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0).

'Morison's Pills: the wonderful power of the pills exemplified showing the same person before and after.' Illustrated title page of a comic song (sung by Mr Fitzwilliam, attributed to 'Pilula Rhubarbus M.D.'), London: Leoni Lee, [1835]. Wellcome Collection (catalogue work n2evpf6g; presentation manifest b16749194). Public Domain Mark.

Thomson, Samuel. New Guide to Health; or, Botanic Family Physician. Containing a Complete System of Practice, upon a Plan Entirely New: with a Description of the Vegetables Made Use of, and Directions for Preparing and Administering Them, to Cure Disease. To Which Is Prefixed, A Narrative of the Life and Medical Discoveries of the Author. Boston: Printed for the Author, and sold by his General Agent, at the Office of the Boston Investigator, J. Q. Adams, Printer, 1835.

Court, Joseph-Désiré. Portrait of the Marquis de Lafayette. Oil on canvas, 1834. Musée de l'Histoire de France, Versailles (MV 2346). Via Wikimedia Commons. Public domain.

James Morison. Coloured aquatint after H. Berthoud (undated, circa 1830s), published by J. Field, London. Wellcome Collection (catalogue work x2kmat76; image V0004132). Public Domain Mark.

Long, John St John. Discoveries in the Science and Art of Healing; Together with the Evidence upon Which the Author Claims the Confidence of the Country, &c. London: Burgess & Hill, 1830. Wellcome Collection, digitized copy b21064763.

Heath, Henry. Four donkeys inhaling foetid gas and having their backs scrubbed with vitriol; representing John St. John Long's fatal method of therapy. Etching. London: S.W. Fores, 1830. Wellcome Collection reference 11191i / Miro image V0010988. Public Domain Mark.

Sharpshooter, A. (attrib.) J. St. John Long (a dubious medical practitioner) dressed as a funeral mourner surrounded by ducks and placards which advertise several malpractice cases of his in which patients died. Coloured etching. London: G. Humphrey, 8 September 1830. Wellcome Collection reference 21000i / Miro image V0016227. Public Domain Mark.

'John St John Long. Lithograph.' Wellcome Collection, reference 6006i / Miro image V0003691. Public Domain Mark.

St. John Long and His Disciples. The Medico-chirurgical Review 13(26): 572-573, 1 October 1830. PMID: 29919038. PMCID: PMC5100398.

Morison, James. Morisoniana; or, Family adviser of the British College of Health: being a collection of the works of Mr Morison, the Hygeist. 2nd ed. London: Sherwood & Gilbert, 1829. Wellcome Collection (catalogue work wa63a4qz). Public Domain Mark.

Pulmonary Consumption-Quackeries of St. John Long. The Medico-chirurgical Review 10(19): 245-248, 1 January 1829. PMID: 29919312. PMCID: PMC5104104.

Hufeland, Christoph Wilhelm. The Art of Prolonging Human Life: in which the subject is fully considered, both philosophically and practically. London: Simpkin and Marshall, 1829. Wikimedia Commons / Internet Archive scan (b21690741), Public Domain Mark.

Swaim, William. To the Public. Notice bound into A Treatise on Swaim's Panacea... Philadelphia: [Maxwell], 1828. Signed Wm. Swaim, dated Philadelphia, September 1828. Wellcome Collection (catalogue work bst63dyx; IIIF presentation b21157546, image b21157546_0006). Public Domain Mark.

Swaim, William. A Treatise on Swaim's Panacea... Philadelphia: [Maxwell], 1828. Frontispiece, captioning a testimonial portrait of a patient named Nancy Linton, shown before and after use of the Panacea. Wellcome Collection (catalogue work bst63dyx; IIIF presentation b21157546, image b21157546_0004). Public Domain Mark.

Swaim, William. A Treatise on Swaim's Panacea: Being a Recent Discovery for the Cure of Scrofula or King's Evil, Mercurial and Liver Diseases, Deep-Seated Syphilis, Rheumatism, and All Disorders Arising from a Contaminated and Impure State of the Blood, with Cases Illustrating Its Success. Philadelphia: [Maxwell], 1828. Title page. Wellcome Collection (catalogue work bst63dyx; IIIF presentation b21157546, image b21157546_0005). Public Domain Mark.

Swaim, William. Some Remarks upon a Publication by the Philadelphia Medical Society Concerning Swaim's Panacea. Philadelphia: [publisher not identified], 1828.

Williams, H. (engraver). Frontispiece portrait of Samuel Thomson, captioned as botanist and noting his birth date of 9 February 1769, in Samuel Thomson, A Narrative of the Life and Medical Discoveries of Samuel Thomson; Containing an Account of His System of Practice, and the Manner of Curing Disease with Vegetable Medicine, upon a Plan Entirely New (Boston: Printed for the Author, by E. G. House, 1822).

Plate from A.-M.-J. Chastenet de Puységur, *Mémoires pour servir à l'histoire et à l'établissement du magnétisme animal* (Paris: J.G. Dentu, 1820). Wellcome Collection, image L0016301. Public Domain Mark.

Bigelow, Jacob. American Medical Botany: Being a Collection of the Native Medicinal Plants of the United States, Containing Their Botanical History and Chemical Analysis, and Properties and Uses in Medicine, Diet, and the Arts. Boston: Cummings and Hilliard, 1817-1820. Plate XIX, Lobelia inflata.

Chastenet de Puységur, Armand-Marie-Jacques de. *Recherches, expériences et observations physiologiques sur l'homme dans l'état de somnambulisme naturel, et dans le somnambulisme provoqué par l'acte magnétique*. Paris: J.G. Dentu, 1811. Wellcome Collection.

Hahnemann, Samuel. Organon der rationellen Heilkunde. Dresden: Arnold, 1810. Later editions carried the title Organon der Heilkunst; the sixth edition was completed in 1842 and published only in 1921.

Cornaro, Luigi; Franklin, Benjamin; Scott, Thomas. The Immortal Mentor, or, Man's Unerring Guide to a Healthy, Wealthy, & Happy Life. Compiled by M. L. Weems. Mill-Hill near Trenton: Daniel Fenton; printed by Brown and Merritt, Philadelphia, 1810. Wikimedia Commons / Internet Archive scan (2558026R.nlm.nih.gov), Public Domain Mark.

'Of Quacks and Empiricism' and the correspondence answering it, The Medical and Physical Journal, vol. 13 (London, Jan.-Jun. 1805), pp. 66-75 and 258-67 (citation per Mackintosh 2017). Digitized public-domain volume: Internet Archive item medicalandphysi05unkngoog (Google-digitized); also Google Books id c8mFDSWwRb4C. Public domain.

Samuel Solomon, M.D. Stipple engraving by W. Angus after a painting by J. Steel of Bath, published 1 May 1805 by Dr Solomon, Liverpool. Wellcome Collection (catalogue work whk59van; image V0005542ER). Public Domain Mark.

Corry, John. Quack Doctors Dissected; or, a New, Cheap, and Improved Edition of Corry's Detector of Quackery: Containing Several Curious Anecdotes of Solomon, Brodum, Perkins, and Other Modern Empirics; with Strictures on Book-makers, & Puffing Publishers. London: sold by Champante and Whitrow [and others], circa 1802. Held by the Wellcome Collection (Wellcome Library) and digitized through the Medical Heritage Library; Internet Archive item b30369496 (https://archive.org/details/b30369496); public-domain copy on Wikimedia Commons. Public domain.

By His Majesty's Royal Letters Patent. Dr. Brodum's nervous cordial, and botanical syrup. [London]: [Walker], [1801?]. Wellcome Collection (catalogue work hcza4zdf; digitized copy IIIF presentation b30354596). Public Domain Mark. Digitized full text also at Internet Archive item b30354596.

John Haygarth (1740-1827). Line engraving by W. Cooke, 1801, after J. H. Bell. Wellcome Collection, reference M0001844. CC BY 4.0.

After James Gillray (1756-1815). Metallic Tractors, the caricature published 1801; this hand-colored etching impression is dated 1803 by the Metropolitan Museum of Art, accession 83.2.1149, gift of William H. Huntington, 1883. CC0 public domain dedication. Via Wikimedia Commons.

Haygarth, John. *Of the Imagination, as a Cause and as a Cure of Disorders of the Body; Exemplified by Fictitious Tractors, and Epidemical Convulsions. Read to the Literary and Philosophical Society of Bath*. Bath: R. Cruttwell, for Cadell and Davies, Strand, London, 1800. 39 pp.

Solomon, Samuel. An account of that most excellent medicine, the cordial balm of Gilead, so justly celebrated for the relief and cure of nervous disorders, female complaints, weaknesses, loss of appetite, impurity of blood ... [advertising tract], Solomon's Place, Liverpool, circa 1799-1800. Held by the Wellcome Collection (Wellcome Library) and digitized through the Medical Heritage Library; Internet Archive item b3038946x (https://archive.org/details/b3038946x); public-domain copy on Wikimedia Commons. Public domain.

Drawing of Elisha Perkins (1741-1799). Author unknown. Published before 1931. Public domain. Via Wikimedia Commons.

Kant, Immanuel. Der Streit der Fakultäten (The Conflict of the Faculties), 1798. The third part is Kant's open letter to Hufeland responding to his 1797 treatise Die Kunst, das menschliche Leben zu verlängern (later retitled Makrobiotik from the 1805 third edition); Hufeland first published the letter in his Journal der practischen Arzneykunde.

Hufeland, Christoph Wilhelm. Die Kunst, das menschliche Leben zu verlängern. 2 vols. Jena: Akademische Buchhandlung, 1797. From the third edition (Berlin, 1805) the work was retitled Makrobiotik oder die Kunst das menschliche Leben zu verlängern.

William Brodum. Coloured stipple engraving by E. A. Ezekiel, 1797, after G. Barry. Wellcome Collection (catalogue work m55q5yfa; image V0000783). References: R. Burgess, Portraits of Doctors & Scientists in the Wellcome Institute (London, 1973), no. 426.1; Wellcome Collection 1397i. Public Domain Mark.

Hahnemann, Samuel. 'Versuch über ein neues Prinzip zur Auffindung der Heilkräfte der Arzneisubstanzen.' Hufeland's Journal der practischen Arzneykunde und Wundarzneykunst, 1796. English title: 'Essay on a New Principle for Ascertaining the Curative Powers of Drugs.'

Brodum, William. A Guide to Old Age, or a Cure for the Indiscretions of Youth. London: Printed by J. W. Myers for the author, 1795. Wellcome Collection (catalogue work gsy34qcc; digitized copy IIIF presentation b28758353). Public Domain Mark. (Reissues: London, printed by J. Cundee, 1800, Wellcome work gbnrjm8m; a further J. W. Myers 1795 record at work ajgsbc4z.)

*The Life of Joseph Balsamo, commonly called Count Cagliostro.* London, 1791. English translation of the Roman Inquisition's official biography *Compendio della vita e delle gesta di Giuseppe Balsamo* (Rome: Reverenda Camera Apostolica, 1791), extracted from the proceedings of the Holy Office against Cagliostro.

James Gillray, *A Masonic Anecdote* (*Anecdote Maconique*), satirical etching, 1786. National Portrait Gallery, London (NPG D13056). Public domain.

Jean-Antoine Houdon, *Portrait of Giuseppe Balsamo (called Count Alessandro Cagliostro)*, marble bust, circa 1786. Los Angeles County Museum of Art, accession 62.18. Public domain.

John Kay (artist). *Dr. James Graham going along the North Bridge in a High Wind.* Caricature etching, 1785. Wikimedia Commons file 'James_Graham_Kay.jpg' (uploaded 18 October 2013 from edinburghbookshelf.org.uk); Public Domain Mark.

*Love in a stone coffin.* Satirical etching, 1785. British Museum, accession 1868,0808.5412. Reproduced on Wikimedia Commons (file 'Love_in_a_stone_coffin_(BM_1868,0808.5412).jpg'); public domain.

Bailly, Jean-Sylvain; Franklin, Benjamin; Lavoisier, Antoine-Laurent; Guillotin, Joseph-Ignace; d'Arcet, Jean; Le Roy, Jean-Baptiste; et al. Confidential report to King Louis XVI concerning moral and physical risks of the mesmeric practice, 1784. Held in the French royal archives; reproduced in modern editions of the commission's documents (e.g., I.M.L. Donaldson's annotated translations and Robert Darnton's documentary appendix to *Mesmerism and the End of the Enlightenment in France*).

Chastenet de Puységur, Armand-Marie-Jacques de. *Détail des cures opérées à Buzancy, près Soissons, par le magnétisme animal*. A Soissons: [s.n.], 1784. Wellcome Collection.

Dupin, Nicolas (engraver), after Desrais, Claude-Louis. Engraved portrait of Franz Anton Mesmer. 18th century. Wellcome Collection, accession 23327i. Public Domain Mark.

Le baquet de Mesmer. 18th-century illustration. Université Claude Bernard Lyon via Wikimedia Commons. Public domain.

Parmantié, Faustine. Maria Theresia von Paradis. Drawing, 1784. Österreichische Nationalbibliothek / Bildarchiv Austria. Via Wikimedia Commons. Public domain.

Desrais, Claude-Louis (after). Patients around Mesmer's baquet. Coloured etching, 18th century. Wellcome Collection, accession 17918i. CC BY 4.0.

Bailly, Jean-Sylvain; Franklin, Benjamin; Lavoisier, Antoine-Laurent; Guillotin, Joseph-Ignace; d'Arcet, Jean; Le Roy, Jean-Baptiste; Sallin, et al. *Rapport des commissaires chargés par le Roi de l'examen du magnétisme animal*. Paris: Imprimerie Royale, August 1784. English translation: 'Report of Dr. Benjamin Franklin and Other Commissioners, Charged by the King of France with the Examination of the Animal Magnetism, as now Practised at Paris,' London, 1785.

John Boyne (artist). *The Docter himself Pouring out his whole Soul for 1[s].* Satirical etching, London, published 12 February 1783 by R. Rusted. British Museum, accession 1868,0808.4926. Reproduced on Wikimedia Commons; public domain.

*Portret van Alessandro Cagliostro*, engraving (engraved by S. Wm Evans; published by A. Loosjes P.Z.), dated between 1782 and 1816. Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam (RP-P-1909-4425). CC0.

Portrait of Armand de Chastelet, marquis de Puységur (1751-1825). 18th-century French school, pastel. Sale, Coutau-Bégarie (Paris); via Wikimedia Commons. Public domain.

Mesmer, Franz Anton. *Mémoire sur la découverte du magnétisme animal*. Geneva and Paris: Didot le Jeune, 1779. Reprinted multiple times in subsequent editions and in English translation as *Mesmerism: A Memoir on the Discovery of Animal Magnetism*.

[J. White], Observations on the Present State, of the Late Dr. Ward's Medicines: To Which Is Added an Account (from Experience) of Their Real Virtues and Efficacy. Addressed to the Public, by J. White, Chymist (London, 1775). Digitized copy: U.S. National Library of Medicine, Digital Collections, record 2781423R.

Henry Fielding, The Journal of a Voyage to Lisbon (London, 1755; published posthumously). Text consulted via Project Gutenberg eBook #1146 (transcription first released 1997, most recently updated 27 July 2008).

Robert Turlington, bottle illustration reproduced in George B. Griffenhagen and James Harvey Young, Old English Patent Medicines in America, United States National Museum Bulletin 218 (Smithsonian Institution, 1959); Wikimedia Commons file BalsomOfLifeBottles.jpg.

Lind, James. *A Treatise of the Scurvy. In Three Parts. Containing an Inquiry into the Nature, Causes, and Cure of that Disease. Together with a Critical and Chronological View of What Has Been Published on the Subject*. Edinburgh: Sands, Murray, and Cochran, for A. Kincaid and A. Donaldson, 1753. 456 pp.

Robert Turlington, By virtue of the King's patent. Turlington's Balsam of Life is prepared and sold by the patentee (London, 1750), digitized from microfilm, Internet Archive record bim_eighteenth-century_by-virtue-of-the-kings-_turlington-robert_1750.

Richard Gem (trans./ed.), An Account of the Remedy for the Stone Lately Published in England, According to an Act of Parliament, Assigning a Reward of 5000l. to the Discoverer: Extracted from the Examinations of This Remedy, Given into the Royal Academy of Sciences at Paris, by M. Morand, and M. Geoffroy (London: Printed by H. Woodfall for J. Roberts, 1741).

[Denis de Coetlogon, attributed], A Full Examination, and Impartial Account of All Relating to Mrs. Stephens's Cures, and Medicine for the Stone and Gravel: In Two Parts. I. Containing Nine of the Principal Cases, First Publish'd by D. Hartley, Now Here Stated in a Very Different Manner... The Second Part Contains Mrs. Stephens's Receipt, with the Proper Observations and Explanations Thereon (London: Printed for T. Cooper, 1740).

Stephen Hales, An Account of Some Experiments and Observations on Mrs. Stephen's Medicines for Dissolving the Stone: Wherein Their Dissolving Power Is Inquir'd Into, and Shown; to Which Is Added, a Supplement to a Pamphlet, Intitled A View of the Present Evidence for and Against Mrs. Stephen's Medicines, by David Hartley (London: Printed for T. Woodward, [1740?]).

[Dennis de Coetlogon], A New Treatise on the Stone: Containing the Causes Both Remote and Immediate. The Indications, Counter-Indications, and the Prognostick. With an Exact Analysis of the Different Preparations of Mrs. Stephen's Medicines, to Prove that It Cannot Be a Specific for the Stone (London: Printed for J. Brett, [1739?]).

A shield containing a group portrait of various doctors and quacks, including Mrs Mapp, Dr. Joshua Ward and John Taylor. Engraving after William Hogarth (London: Jones & Co., Temple of the Muses, Finsbury Square, 1736). Wellcome Collection image record V0006699.

Joseph Clutton, A True and Candid Relation of the Good and Bad Effects of Joshua Ward's Pill and Drop. Exhibited in Sixty-Eight Cases (London: printed for the author and sold by J. Wilford, 1736).

Daniel Turner, The Drop and Pill of Mr. Ward, Consider'd, as Well in Respect to Their Composition, as Their Operation and Effects: Wherein, As There Is Great Reason to Believe, the Genuine Receipt of Both, in an Epistle to Dr. James Jurin (London: J. Clarke, 1735).

Title page of Daniel Turner, The Drop and Pill of Mr. Ward, Consider'd ... In an Epistle to Dr. James Jurin (London: J. Clarke, 1735). Wellcome Collection digitized copy, image b3049896x_0005.

Greatrakes, Valentine. A Brief Account of Mr. Valentine Greatrak's, and Divers of the Strange Cures by Him Lately Performed. Written by Himself in a Letter Addressed to the Honourable Robert Boyle Esq. London: Printed and Sold by J. Downing in Bartholomew Close, near West-Smithfield, 1723 [reprint of the 1666 first edition]. Digitized copy: Internet Archive item b30774639 (Wellcome/Medical Heritage Library); Wikimedia Commons file record.

Greatrakes, Valentine. A Brief Account of Mr. Valentine Greatrak's, and Divers of the Strange Cures by Him Lately Performed. Written by Himself in a Letter Addressed to the Honourable Robert Boyle Esq.; Whereunto Are Annexed the Testimonials of Several Eminent and Worthy Persons of the Chief Matters of Fact Therein Related. London: Printed for J. Starkey, 1666.

Stubbe, Henry. The Miraculous Conformist, or, An Account of Severall Marvailous Cures Performed by the Stroaking of the Hands of Valentine Greatarick: With a Physicall Discourse Thereupon, in a Letter to Robert Boyle. With a Letter Relating Some Other of His Miraculous Cures, Attested by E. Foxcroft. Oxford: Printed by H. Hall, printer to the University, for Ric. Davis, 1666.

Faithorne, William. The True and Lively Pourtraicture of Valentine Greatrakes Esqr., of Affane in ye County of Waterford, in ye Kingdome of Ireland, Famous for Curing Several Deseases and Distempers by the Stroak of His Hand Only. Line engraving. [London]: Sold by Wm. Faithorne, [1666]. Wellcome Collection, work id chq3y2q3.

Lloyd, David. Wonders no Miracles, or, Mr. Valentine Greatrates [sic] Gift of Healing Examined, upon Occasion of a Sad Effect of His Stroaking, March the 7. 1665, at One Mr. Cressets House in Charter-House-Yard. In a Letter to a Reverend-Divine, Living Near That Place. London: Printed for Sam Speed, 1666.

Luigi Cornaro. Discorsi della vita sobria. Venice: Marc'Antonio Brogiollo, 1620 (MDCXX). Title page. Digitized by the Bibliotheque nationale de France (Gallica, ark:/12148/bpt6k51103j). Public domain.

Jacopo Tintoretto. Portrait of Alvise Cornaro. Oil on canvas, c. 1560-1565. Galleria Palatina, Palazzo Pitti, Florence (inv. 83). Public domain (artist died 1594). Reproduction via the Web Gallery of Art and Wikimedia Commons.

Cornaro A (Luigi). Discorsi della vita sobria [Discourses on the Sober Life]. First three discourses gathered at Padua, 1558; a fourth discourse by 1562. Modern English edition: Writings on the Sober Life: The Art and Grace of Living Long. Toronto: University of Toronto Press; 2014. ISBN 978-1-4426-4509-7.