Rejuvenation in the early 20th century
secondary literature · 1997
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SUMMARY
Peer-reviewed historical survey of the two main interwar rejuvenation procedures: Steinach's vasoligation and Voronoff's testicular xenograft. Authored by urologists at Medizinische Hochschule Hannover. Places the first Steinach operation in 1918, names Sigmund Freud and W. B. Yeats as documented patients, describes the American dissemination of the procedure through practitioners Harry Benjamin and Charles H. Chetwood, and identifies the 1935 isolation of testosterone as the effective end of the vasoligation era. PMID 9430441 resolves on PubMed; DOI resolves on Wiley Online Library.
NOTES
The Schultheiss et al. 1997 paper is the primary peer-reviewed secondary reference for the Steinach procedure’s historical arc. Its scope is comparative (Steinach and Voronoff together), its author affiliations are urological rather than historical, and it does not engage primary archival sources in depth. The paper provides a reliable framework for the chronology and major named patients while leaving financial structure, patient counts, and clinical outcomes underspecified. PMID confirmed on PubMed; DOI 10.1111/j.1439-0272.1997.tb00329.x confirmed on Wiley.