Replace them by Salads and Vegetables: Dietary Innovation, Youthfulness, and Authority, 1900-1939

A peer-reviewed history-of-food article (Global Food History, 2018; DOI 10.1080/20549547.2018.1460538; PMID 31565237) that situates Macfadden among early-twentieth-century diet reformers who sold youthfulness and rejuvenation. It records that Macfadden promoted a vegetarian diet and periodic fasting as a means of achieving rejuvenation, that he reconfigured his arguments around the new science of vitamins in the early 1920s, and that for figures such as Macfadden commercial imperatives underpinned their activities. The same article also documents Sanford Bennett: it describes him as an American anti-aging advocate, author, and businessman and one of the most high-profile advocates of rejuvenating methods in the United States before the First World War; traces his dietary thinking to Luigi Cornaro and to Arnold Lorand of the Carlsbad spa; records that his diet was twofold (periodic total fasting followed by a vegetarian diet of well-cooked vegetables); notes that Bennett did not believe any particular food could prolong life to extraordinary ages; and groups Bennett with Macfadden and Gayelord Hauser as figures for whom commercial considerations underpinned their activities. For Hauser specifically, Stark records that Hauser criticized Voronoff and Steinach as temporary surgical approaches, urged readers in a 1939 New Health article to use a vitamin-rich diet for gland health, assigned Vitamin D to thyroid function, Vitamin B to pituitary regulation, and Vitamin E to the sex glands, and in Harmonized Food Selection (1930) urged foods that would feed the glands. Cited for the rejuvenation/anti-aging framing of the doctrine and for the financial-conflict structure (for Macfadden, Bennett, and Hauser); the article is paraphrased here.