Practitioners
The promoters.
The sellers and developers — the charismatic figures, clinics, and brands who marketed the
interventions, plus the disconfirmers who tested them.
Albert Abrams
San Francisco, California, USA — publicly disconfirmed
Aleksandr Bogomolets
Kyiv, Ukrainian SSR (Institute of Experimental Biology and Pathology; later Institute of Clinical Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR) — publicly disconfirmed
Alexander von Poehl
St. Petersburg, Russia — publicly disconfirmed
Alexis Carrel
New York, NY (Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research); Paris (Fondation pour l'Étude des Problèmes Humains, 1941–1944) — publicly disconfirmed
Ana Aslan
Bucharest, Romania (National Institute of Geriatrics and Gerontology) — publicly disconfirmed
Andrew C. Ivy
Chicago, Illinois (University of Illinois; Krebiozen Research Foundation) — publicly disconfirmed
Armand-Marie-Jacques de Chastenet, Marquis de Puységur
Buzancy (Aisne) and Strasbourg, France — publicly disconfirmed
Bernarr Macfadden
United States (Missouri, then New York and New Jersey) and London — died from own intervention
Bryan Johnson
Los Angeles, California, USA — still active
Buck Institute for Research on Aging / Circulate Health
Novato, California, USA — still active
Charles Alfred Tyrrell
Tyrrell's Hygienic Institute, New York City, USA — publicly disconfirmed
Charles-Édouard Brown-Séquard
Paris, France — publicly disconfirmed
Christoph Wilhelm Hufeland
Weimar and Jena, later Berlin (German states) — publicly disconfirmed
Count Alessandro di Cagliostro (Giuseppe Balsamo)
Itinerant across Europe: Mitau and St Petersburg (1779-1780), Strasbourg (1780-1783), Lyon and Paris (1784-1785), Rome (1789) — publicly disconfirmed
David A. Sinclair
Boston, Massachusetts, USA (Harvard Medical School) — still active
Élie Metchnikoff
Pasteur Institute, Paris, France — publicly disconfirmed
Elisha Perkins
Plainfield, Connecticut, USA — died from own intervention
Eugen Steinach
Vienna, Austria (Biologische Versuchsanstalt, Prater); forced exile to Territet, near Montreux, Switzerland, 1938 — publicly disconfirmed
Franz Anton Mesmer
Paris, France; subsequently Switzerland and Meersburg — publicly disconfirmed
Gayelord Hauser
United States (Chicago, then Hollywood, California) — publicly disconfirmed
Gaylord Wilshire
Los Angeles and San Francisco, California, USA; died New York City — publicly disconfirmed
Heinrich Lahmann
Dresden, Germany (Weisser Hirsch) — quietly faded
Horace Fletcher
United States and Europe (New Orleans, New Haven, and Venice) — quietly faded
James Graham
London (Adelphi Terrace, then Schomberg House, Pall Mall, 1780-1784) and Edinburgh — publicly disconfirmed
James Morison
London (British College of Health, Hamilton Place, New Road) — publicly disconfirmed
John Harvey Kellogg
Battle Creek, Michigan, United States — publicly disconfirmed
John Haygarth
Bath, England (retirement); Chester, England (earlier practice) — vindicated
John R. Brinkley
Milford, Kansas; later Del Rio, Texas and Villa Acuna, Mexico — publicly disconfirmed
John St John Long
London (Howland Street, Fitzroy Square, from 1827; 41 Harley Street from later in 1827) — publicly disconfirmed
Justus von Liebig (Baron Liebig)
Giessen, Germany (1824–1852); Munich, Germany (1852–1873) — quietly faded
Kevin Trudeau
Chicago, Illinois, and Ojai, California, USA — publicly disconfirmed
Linda Burfield Hazzard
Olalla and Seattle, Washington — publicly disconfirmed
Linus Pauling
Menlo Park / Palo Alto, California, USA (Linus Pauling Institute of Science and Medicine) — publicly disconfirmed
Louis Kuhne
Leipzig, Germany — quietly faded
Luigi Cornaro
Padua and Venice (Republic of Venice) — quietly faded
Maximilian Oskar Bircher-Benner
Zurich, Switzerland — publicly disconfirmed
Otto Overbeck
Grimsby and Salcombe, England, UK — publicly disconfirmed
Paul Niehans
Clarens, Switzerland — publicly disconfirmed
René Quinton
Paris, France — quietly faded
Samuel Hahnemann
Saxony (Meissen, Leipzig, Köthen), later Paris — publicly disconfirmed
Samuel Solomon
Liverpool (Solomon's Place, Brownlow Street; residence at Gilead House) — publicly disconfirmed
Sanford Bennett
United States (San Francisco, California) — quietly faded
Sebastian Kneipp
Bad Wörishofen, Bavaria, German Empire — quietly faded
Serge Voronoff
Paris and Grimaldi (Menton), France — publicly disconfirmed
Sylvester Graham
United States (Pennsylvania, New York, Massachusetts, and the wider Northeast lecture circuit) — quietly faded
The arsenic complexion-and-figure nostrum trade
Britain and the United States — publicly disconfirmed
Vincenz Priessnitz
Gräfenberg, near Freiwaldau, Austrian Silesia (now Lázně Jeseník, Czech Republic) — quietly faded
Wilhelm Reich
Rangeley, Maine, USA (previously Vienna, Austria, and Oslo, Norway) — publicly disconfirmed
William Brodum
London (consulting and selling at No. 9 Albion Street, Blackfriars), with extensive provincial touring across Britain in the 1790s — publicly disconfirmed
William Howard Hay
Briarcliff Manor, New York (Hay System Inc., Briarcliff Lodge) — publicly disconfirmed
William J. A. Bailey
East Orange, New Jersey, USA — died from own intervention
William Radam
Austin, Texas, and later New York City — publicly disconfirmed