Bernarr Macfadden (Encyclopaedia Britannica)
secondary literature · 2024
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SUMMARY
The Encyclopaedia Britannica biographical article on Bernarr Macfadden, used as a tertiary reference for biographical and commercial facts confirmed verbatim from the page on 2 June 2026: born 16 August 1868 near Mill Spring, Missouri; died 12 October 1955 in Jersey City, New Jersey; 'died a multimillionaire in 1955 after refusing medical treatment for a digestive disorder'; founded the magazine Physical Development (1898) and the more successful Physical Culture (1899); and 'by 1935 his pulp publishing empire had a total of 35 million readers.' Cited only for these reference-level facts; not an authority for the analytical framing.
NOTES
The Encyclopaedia Britannica article on Bernarr Macfadden is used as a tertiary reference for the biographical and commercial facts the case relies on: his birth (16 August 1868, near Mill Spring, Missouri) and death (12 October 1955, Jersey City, New Jersey); that he “died a multimillionaire in 1955 after refusing medical treatment for a digestive disorder”; that he founded the magazine Physical Development in 1898 and the more successful Physical Culture in 1899; and that “by 1935 his pulp publishing empire had a total of 35 million readers.” These fields were copied directly from the page. The article is cited for reference-level facts only, not for the archive’s analytical reading of the case.