Ward, Joshua (1685-1761)

Standard biographical reference entry on Joshua Ward, verified by direct fetch of the Wikisource transcription (byline confirmed: Volume 59, by Edward Irving Carlyle, 1899). Used as the case's principal historical evidentiary-failure source: it records the retrospective professional conclusion that Ward's pill and drop 'were preparations of antimony very violent in their action, and quite unfit for general use,' and that 'his remedies killed as many as they cured.' Also the source for Ward's biography (exile in France, 1733 pardon and return to England, George II's dislocated thumb, patrons Chesterfield and Lieutenant-General Churchill, the 1748 apothecaries-act exemption, the pill's three antimony/arsenic-bearing color varieties, and the bequest of his formulae to John Page for the benefit of two named charities).