John R. Brinkley
John R. Brinkley (1885 to 26 May 1942) built a commercial medical practice at Milford, Kansas, beginning in 1917, on the surgical implantation of goat gonad tissue into human recipients, marketed as a cure for impotence and a means of restoring vitality in aging men (Smith 2022). He charged $750 per operation and amplified demand through radio station KFKB, which he founded in 1923 and used to broadcast a twice-daily Medical Question Box that answered listeners’ health questions on air and steered them to his remedies and his operation. Morris Fishbein, editor of the Journal of the American Medical Association, attacked the practice in articles in 1928 and April 1930 and characterized Brinkley as a charlatan; the Kansas medical board revoked his license in September 1930. Brinkley ran for governor of Kansas in 1930 and 1932, placing third both times (the 1930 write-in campaign drew more than 183,000 votes). He moved his broadcasting to high-powered stations across the Mexican border and continued mail-order and clinical promotion until a February 1941 bankruptcy, the confiscation of his Mexican station, and a September 1941 mail-fraud indictment. He died on 26 May 1942. His authority rested on radio marketing and self-credentialing rather than on controlled clinical evidence.