Albert Abrams
Albert Abrams (1863-1924) practiced for many years as a physician in San Francisco. The 1925 Nature account states that he ‘graduated in medicine at Heidelberg at the age of nineteen years’ and that, after years of San Francisco practice, he founded the method he called ‘Spondylotherapy’ and then, in 1910, introduced a system of diagnosis and treatment he named ‘electronic vibrations,’ which became the Electronic Reactions of Abrams (ERA). He held the credibility of an established practitioner and lecturer; from that base he built ERA into a national commercial system, leasing the sealed Oscilloclast to practitioners under a contract forbidding its opening. By the time the Scientific American committee reported in 1923-1924 and Abrams died on 13 January 1924, the method was already under formal scrutiny by the organized medical profession in both the United States and Britain. His eventual status is publicly disconfirmed: the Scientific American committee concluded the claims of ERA ‘are not substantiated,’ and the consulting engineers found the apparatus essentially functionless.