D.D. Palmer’s foundational claim, dating to his September 1895 founding episode with Harvey Lillard and the doctrine he built from it (Batinić et al. 2013), as characterized by the secondary chiropractic-history literature: vertebral subluxation was the sole cause of all disease, and spinal manipulation to correct it was the cure for all disease of the human race (Wikipedia, “Chiropractic controversy and criticism,” citing the chiropractic-history literature). Palmer’s own writing frames the mechanism in terms of nerve “tone” and an “Innate Intelligence” whose flow subluxation interrupts (Brown 2010). A 2009 peer-reviewed epidemiological review testing the subluxation construct against Hill’s classic criteria of causation found a significant lack of evidence to fulfill the basic criteria of causation, concluding the construct has no valid clinical applicability to any disease process (Mirtz et al. 2009).